Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a complex multifactorial clinical syndrome of end-organ hypoperfusion that could be associated with multisystem organ failure, presenting a diverse range of causes and symptoms. Despite improving survival in recent years due to new advancements, CS still carries a high risk of severe morbidity and mortality. Recent research has focused on improving early detection and understanding of CS through standardized team approaches, detailed hemodynamic assessment, and selective use of temporary mechanical circulatory support devices, leading to better patient outcomes. This review examines CS pathophysiology, emerging classifications, current drug and device therapies, standardized team management strategies, and regionalized care systems aimed at optimizing shock outcomes. Furthermore, we identify gaps in knowledge and outline future research needs.

Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is a major contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, with ischemic heart disease as the leading etiology. Despite advances in optimal medical treatment (OMT), the additional benefit of coronary revascularization in this population remains uncertain. While some studies describe a potential benefit in revascularization—particularly with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)—this benefit has not been consistently observed with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Moreover, in this context, the role of myocardial hibernation has been called into question. Additionally, recent advances in the medical management of heart failure complicate the current interpretation of previous studies and underscore the need for new clinical trials. This review synthesizes the current evidence on the potential benefits of coronary revascularization in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).