Affected by moisture cohesion, wet rice seeds exhibit poor flowability and frequent arching blockage during silo discharging, which seriously restricts stable grain storage and conveying. To address this issue and reveal its intrinsic flow mechanism, this study establishes a discrete element method (DEM) model for wet rice seed-silo systems adopting the Hertz-Mindlin with Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR) contact model, which incorporates surface energy to reflect moisture-induced cohesive effects. The model is verified via physical silo discharge tests, with consistent flow patterns, wall pressure error below 3.7% and discharge time error of 2.14%. EDEM parametric simulations are conducted to analyze velocity fluctuation at different silo heights. Coordination number and normalized contact force distribution are adopted to assess micro-contact force distribution in discharge areas, and a force chain extraction algorithm is used to explore variations in force chain length and orientation. Results demonstrate that during discharge, average particle velocity drops from silo bottom to top with growing fluctuation amplitude, presenting obvious stratified flow and intense upper-layer velocity pulsation. Weak contacts dominate wet rice seed groups and conform to exponential decay distribution. The force chain network undergoes three evolution phases: formation, force arch generation and collapse. Quantitative analysis reveals long force chain proportion falls steadily from 81.40% to 3.68% throughout discharge. Short force chains rise to 60.54% in the arch-forming stage and reach 96.32% after arch collapse. Horizontal force chains account for a maximum of 71.09% during arch formation, while vertical ones decline from 99.52% initially to 61.57% post collapse. This research offers mechanical references and quantitative parameters for the design and operation of silos for wet granular farm grains like rice seeds, and is particularly relevant to post-harvest engineering, grain storage safety, and agricultural machinery design.

The radiation-section furnace tubes of ethylene crackers are critical pressure-bearing components, and their failure results from multiple coupled factors, which single evidence cannot fully explain. This paper proposes a multi-evidence diagnostic framework integrating operating conditions, macroscopic damage, geometry, composition/carburization, microstructural degradation, performance, and fracture. Using bulged HB-101 and fractured HB-106 tubes from SL-series crackers, combined with physicochemical testing and condition analysis, the degradation-to-failure mechanisms are systematically revealed. Localized overheating is identified as the most probable root operational cause, supported by operational records, infrared thermography, and microstructural evidence. Flame deflection likely raised the local metal temperature to approximately 1100 °C or above in the bulged zone, accelerating carburization. Alternative contributing causes are discussed. Carburization and carbide coarsening constitute the main degradation pathway, with grain-boundary carbides transforming from network-chain to coarse blocky forms, reducing the high-temperature creep strength and impact toughness. Base-metal creep bulging results from combined overheating, carburization, and creep, while weld brittle cracking arises from welding defects, carburization embrittlement, and thermal stress. This framework enables full-chain attribution from operational causes to failure, supporting failure analysis and the life-cycle safety management of cracking furnace tubes.