Secondary trigeminal neuralgia (STN) results from an identifiable underlying pathology, including tumor compression, multiple sclerosis, arteriovenous malformations, hypertension, structural lesions, inflammation, trauma, or familial genetic conditions. This study, through a comprehensive review of the literature in PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library, explores the multifaceted aspects of STN. This study delves into the diverse etiological factors, focusing on the pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to trigeminal nerve dysfunction. The clinical manifestations of STN often overlap with those of primary trigeminal neuralgia, creating diagnostic challenges and necessitating a thorough evaluation that includes detailed history-taking, advanced neuroimaging, and differential diagnosis to pinpoint the secondary cause. The management of STN is complex and tailored to address the underlying etiology. Pharmacological treatments and surgical interventions such as microvascular decompression (MVD), lesion resection, or gamma knife radiosurgery may be needed. Emerging neuromodulation techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and deep-brain stimulation, have shown promise in refractory cases, particularly for STN associated with multiple sclerosis or structural lesions. This review emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to managing STN, integrating neurological, surgical, and rehabilitative strategies to optimize patient outcomes. This finding highlights the need for further research into the role of advanced neuromodulation techniques and novel therapeutic targets to improve the quality of life of patients with STN. By providing a detailed overview of the STN, this study aims to contribute to a better understanding and management of this debilitating condition.

Breast-conserving therapy, consisting of lumpectomy followed by adjuvant radiotherapy, is the standard of care for early-stage breast cancer, providing oncologic outcomes equivalent to mastectomy while preserving breast anatomy and quality of life. Radiotherapy remains a cornerstone of treatment across disease stages, significantly reducing local recurrence rates and improving long-term survival. Advances in radiotherapy techniques—including conventional fractionation, hypofractionation, tumor-bed boost delivery, and regional nodal irradiation—have optimized oncologic efficacy while inducing a broad spectrum of time-dependent morphological changes in breast tissue. Accurate imaging surveillance is therefore essential to distinguish expected post-radiotherapy changes from tumor recurrence and to avoid unnecessary diagnostic or therapeutic interventions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of contemporary breast radiotherapy protocols, their impact on post-treatment imaging appearances, and current recommendations for imaging surveillance. Characteristic findings across mammography, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and nuclear medicine modalities are discussed, with emphasis on their temporal evolution from acute inflammatory changes to chronic fibrosis, fat necrosis, and architectural distortion. Recognition of these imaging patterns, together with integration of radiotherapy-related parameters into image interpretation, is crucial for accurate diagnosis, early detection of recurrence, and informed clinical management of breast cancer survivors.