Ambient-temperature asphalt binders have emerged as a sustainable alternative to traditional hot-mix asphalt, offering significant advantages in energy conservation and emission reduction. This review systematically examines the research progress and development trends of high-performance reactive asphalt binders designed for ambient-temperature application, which achieve enhanced performance through chemical cross-linking reactions. The study focuses on three core material systems: epoxy resin, waterborne epoxy emulsified asphalt, and polyurethane. For each system, we comprehensively summarize the material composition, strength formation mechanisms, and mix design methodologies. Key evaluation methods for critical pavement performance—including strength characteristics, water stability, and high-temperature performance—are critically reviewed. Furthermore, microscopic characterization techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are discussed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms governing performance evolution. Analysis reveals that epoxy-based binders exhibit superior strength and stiffness, rendering them suitable for heavy-traffic pavements; waterborne epoxy emulsified asphalt binders combine environmental compatibility with construction convenience for thin-layer rehabilitation, while polyurethane-based binders demonstrate exceptional elasticity and rapid curing characteristics for quick-traffic-opening scenarios. Although current research has established a preliminary performance evaluation framework, the absence of unified technical standards constrains widespread engineering implementation. Future research priorities should focus on developing water-triggered curing systems, intelligent responsive materials, and comprehensive standardization systems to fully harness the engineering potential of these sustainable binders.

To address the durability limitations of conventional crack sealants under coupled extreme temperatures and traffic loads in long-life pavements, a bio-oil composite-modified patching material was developed using 90# base asphalt as the matrix, synergistically modified with crumb rubber (CR) and epoxidized soybean oil (ESO). To resolve the contradictory requirements for high elasticity and thermal expansion/contraction coordination in sealants, ESO was introduced; its polar epoxy groups optimize phase compatibility and promote low-temperature stress relaxation without restricting thermal deformability. Rheological evaluations revealed that the optimal system (OPT) successfully extended the service temperature window from PG 76–−24 °C (baseline) to PG 82–−24 °C, significantly enhancing its adaptability to extreme climatic fluctuations. At −24 °C, OPT exhibited a reduced creep stiffness (S) of 164 MPa and an increased creep rate (m) of 0.312, with a cracking resistance ratio (k) as low as 525.6; the quantitative significance of these metrics lies in granting the sealant superior stress relaxation capacity, enabling it to accommodate dynamic crack widening without interfacial debonding or brittle fracture. Fatigue testing via time sweeps demonstrated that N_f50 reached 2890 cycles, highlighting robust long-term resistance against high-frequency shear strains induced by tire edges. Micro-mechanistic analyses (FTIR, TG/DTG, and DSC) confirmed that the modification is primarily driven by physical blending. The elevation of the thermal decomposition threshold (T5%) to 302.4 °C and the residue at 600 °C to 44.8% provide a critical safety margin for high-temperature construction heating, preventing thermal degradation. Furthermore, the glass transition temperature (T_g) decreased to approximately −35.2 °C. These findings establish a rigorous quantitative and mechanistic framework for designing sustainable, high-performance patching materials for resilient pavement maintenance.