Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and microplastics are two classes of emerging contaminants that are of significant concern worldwide. Due to the potential adverse effects associated with their exposures, these contaminants have been extensively investigated during the past decades. Here, based on 21 review articles published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology (CREST) during 2018–2022, current knowledge on ARGs and microplastics are summarized. Topics cover their analysis, occurrence, transfer, transformation, and ecological and human health risks in aquatic, terrestrial and atmospheric environments. Further, strategies to remove ARG-related contaminants from wastewater, manure, and sludge are discussed. Limitations and challenges in investigating their transport, fate, risks and removal techniques are highlighted for future research. In addition, we emphasize the importance of the One Health perspective to study ARGs and microplastics to better manage their environmental behaviors and associated risks. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT