Lipedema is an adipose tissue disorder that principally affects women and is frequently misidentified as obesity or lymphedema. There have been relatively few studies that have precisely defined the pathogenesis, epidemiology, and treatment approaches for lipedema. However, successfully recognizing lipedema as a distinct condition is important for proper management. This review aimed to examine the existing literature on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, and treatments for lipedema. The current research indicates that lipedema appears to be a clinical entity related to genetic factors and fat distribution, although distinct from lymphedema and obesity. Some available treatments include complex decongestive physiotherapy, liposuction, and laser-assisted lipolysis. The management of lipedema is complex and differs from that of lymphedema. Further high-quality randomized controlled trials are urgently needed to continue advancing our understanding of this often neglected disease and exploring optimal medical and surgical treatment regimens tailored specifically for lipedema patients. In summary, despite frequent misdiagnosis, enhanced recognition, and research into customized therapeutic strategies for this poorly characterized but likely underdiagnosed disorder represent promising steps forward. Level of evidence N/A.

Introduction: Research is a fundamental component for advancing healthcare and medical knowledge. It enhances students’ ability to practice evidence-based care in clinical practice. Despite the recognized benefits, barriers such as lack of time, skills, funding, and guidance impede students’ involvement in research. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and impact of conducting a specialised extracurricular research course designed for medical students at King Faisal University. Patients and Methods: A quasi-experimental study utilized a pretest-posttest design, including a control group. Participants were second-to-sixth-year medical students, divided into an intervention group and a control group. The intervention group participated in a comprehensive research course over eight months. A pretest-posttest self-administered questionnaire was given at the beginning and end of the course to assess research knowledge and attitudes. The control group completed the same at equivalent time points. Results: The paired sample t-test demonstrated significant improvements in pre- and post-test scores for research knowledge among students who attended more than 50% of the course (p = 0.009). Similarly, students who attended less than or equal to 50% of the course content also showed significant gains in research knowledge (p = 0.005). However, the comparison between the intervention and control groups did not show a significant difference (p = 0.160). Conclusion: This study highlights the effectiveness of a structured research training program in enhancing medical students’ research knowledge and attitudes. The findings advocate for integrating formal research training into medical curricula to prepare future healthcare professionals for evidence-based practice and sustained research engagement. Despite limitations such as non-randomized assignments and a single-institution focus, the study underscores the transformative impact of systematic research education on medical students’ professional development.

Introduction: The Saudi Cardiac Surgery Training Program, a recent addition to Saudi Arabia's medical landscape, demands proactive assessment for potential renovations. This study aims to assess the Cardiac Surgery Training Program's structure, utilizing stakeholder satisfaction as a predictive measure in Saudi Arabia. Method: A cross-sectional study from March to September 2023 targeted current cardiac surgery residents in Saudi Arabia. Result: Achieving a 76.4% response rate from 26 out of 34 residents. 65.4% of participants aged 25-30, 65.4% males, and 53.8% females were married. Financially, 46.2% earn less than 20,000 Saudi Riyals. Rotation effectiveness ratings highlighted strengths in cardiac surgery, thoracic surgery, and vascular surgery, with areas for improvement in mid -rotation feedback and exit interviews. Participants reported moderate constructive feedback use and occasional program ambiguity (both with a median of 3.00). Concerns about the future encompassed knowledge (34.6%), surgical skills (26.9%), and employability (26.9%) postgraduation. Satisfaction analysis revealed emotional exhaustion and frustration (both with a median of 4.00), contrasting with effective problem -solving skills (median of 7.00) and a positive influence on others' lives (median of 6.00). Educational satisfaction was high, with faculty care and a sense of being respected (both with a median of 3.00). Many individuals have expressed the intent to choose the program again, contributing to a moderate overall satisfaction level (median of 4.3). Conclusion: These findings offer valuable insights for program enhancement, focusing on successes and addressing concerns to elevate the training experience and satisfaction of cardiac surgery residents in Saudi Arabia.