Ultradeep drilling beyond nine to ten kilometers has progressed from an engineering challenge to a powerful approach for investigating deep Earth processes and subsurface resources. Early continental drilling showed that the deep crust is not cold or impermeable, but contains fluids, active heat flow, and ongoing chemical reactions. This review presents an integrated synthesis of scientific results from drilling that exceeds ten kilometers, with emphasis on recent Chinese programs. These wells document methane-rich fluids, high pressures, and high temperatures in sedimentary and crystalline rocks, indicating that hydrocarbon systems, deep fluids, and permeability persist far deeper than traditionally assumed. Integrating observations from cores, formation fluids, stress measurements, and geochemical analyses, we show that revised geothermal gradients, faultcontrolled fluid pathways, and fluid-rock reactions such as serpentinization, carbonation, and hydrocarbon cracking sustain permeability at extreme depths. Ultradeep drilling thus provides insights into Earth system dynamics, deep energy resources, carbon storage, and mineral systems.

《地球科学》(ISSN 1000-2383;CN42-1874/P) (原刊名《地球科学——中国地质大学学报》ISSN 1000-2383;CN42-1233/P)，创刊于1957年，是由教育部主管、中国地质大学主办的综合性地学学术理论期刊，月刊，2015年改名为《地球科学》,她以反映中国地质大学教学与科研最新的、高水平的基础地质、应用地质、资源与环境地质及地学工程技术研究成果为主要任务。

The earliest Cambrian (ca., 538.8–524.8 Ma) was an important period in geological history witnessing significant environmental change, during which organic-rich facies were developed in the Yangtze Platform, South China. However, the contemporaneous paleogeographic and stratigraphic framework within which the environmental change and organic matter accumulation took place remains poorly understood. We investigate this based on facies, sequence stratigraphic, and geochemical analyses of the lowermost Cambrian Maidiping and Zhujiaqing formations in the northwestern Yangtze Block. The results show that the terminal Ediacaran rimmed platform changed into a foredeep carbonate ramp and backbulge basin after the onset of the earliest Cambrian transgression. Across the Ediacaran–Cambrian boundary, the shallow-marine redox condition rapidly transitioned from relative euxinia to an oxygen-rich state. During the late transgression to highstand normal regression, the foredeep carbonate ramp expanded to the cratonic interior, and nutrients brought by intensified continental weathering and upwelling promoted significant phytoplankton proliferation, an increase in oxygen level and primary productivity, and then organic matter enrichment. During the forced regression, the carbonate ramp gradually changed into a rimmed platform. The weakening continental weathering and expanding anoxic area during the forced to lowstand normal regression led to the significant organic carbon burial in the foredeep basin.

《地球科学》(ISSN 1000-2383;CN42-1874/P) (原刊名《地球科学——中国地质大学学报》ISSN 1000-2383;CN42-1233/P)，创刊于1957年，是由教育部主管、中国地质大学主办的综合性地学学术理论期刊，月刊，2015年改名为《地球科学》,她以反映中国地质大学教学与科研最新的、高水平的基础地质、应用地质、资源与环境地质及地学工程技术研究成果为主要任务。

为探究超深层白云岩成因与规模储层控制因素, 本文以四川盆地震旦系灯影组和寒武系龙王庙组为研究对象, 开展了详细的岩石学和微区的X射线衍射、微量元素、C-O-Sr-Mg同位素实验分析. 结果显示, 灯影组和龙王庙组共发育6种基质白云岩和4种胶结物. 其中灯影组沉积背景为局限台地, 发育特殊的微生物和微晶白云岩, 且白云石粒径小(﹤30μm), 有序度低(Min=0.55), 晶胞参数大, Na含量极高(Max=788ppm), 87Sr/86Sr与同期海水一致, δ13C、δ18O低于同期海水, δ26Mg小(Min=2.31‰). 晶体更粗且有序度更高的粉晶、细晶和方解石质白云岩与微生物和微晶白云岩具有近似的δ13C、87Sr/86Sr. 灯影组沉积时期具有适宜微生物生存的古海洋条件, 微生物率先诱导原生白云石在海水中直接沉淀并在海水成岩阶段形成微生物白云岩和微晶白云岩, 在后续成岩过程中溶解-重结晶、构造、热液的作用, 促使晶体更粗、有序度更高的白云岩以及各类胶结物的形成. 龙王庙组沉积背景为台内滩, 发育特殊的颗粒白云岩, 且白云石粒径大(﹥30μm), 有序度高(Min=0.7), 晶胞参数小, Na含量较高(Max=432ppm)、Fe和Mn含量低, δ26Mg和δ13C与同期海水一致, δ18O和87Sr/86Sr均高于同期海水, 多期波动的δ26Mg与沉积旋回之间相互耦合. 龙王庙组白云岩是通过蒸发海水与灰岩发生次生交代而成, 海平面的周期性变化控制着龙王庙组白云岩发育的厚度和规模. 震旦系至寒武系白云岩发育期正好处于Rodinia裂解向Gondwana聚合的转换期, 超大陆的裂解聚合事件促使震旦纪与寒武纪具有迥异的海水性质、微生物活性和沉积气候背景可能是导致两个层位具有不同白云岩成因的根本因素. 超大陆的裂解聚合还控制着四川盆地震旦系至寒武系的沉积相展布和深部构造活动, 从而决定了超深层白云岩储层的分布, 孔隙形成、保存和调整机制. 在研究其余地区或层位的超深层白云岩成因-成储机理时, 尤其是处于超大陆聚散的特殊时期, 理清构造作用驱动下海水性质、微生物活性、沉积环境、断裂体系的综合特征, 是有效约束白云岩成因-成储机理和预测超深层规模性优质白云岩储层分布的核心问题.