The underwater broadband anechoic coating is highly demanded in acoustic stealth for underwater vehicles. In this work, we propose a gradient index metamaterial for broadband underwater sound absorption, which is further experimentally validated under high pressure conditions. The gradient index metamaterial consisting of radius-varied cavities in rubber allows the sound waves to follow the objective trajectory in a broad band with impedance matching at the interface with water. The viscosity of the materials and the coupling effect among the gradient cavities contribute to broadband sound absorption. The performance of broadband sound absorption from 1 to 10 kHz is validated experimentally, which agrees well with the theoretical and numerical results. We further experimentally demonstrate the sound absorption performance with hydrostatic pressure up to 3 MPa and analyze the mechanism of the sound absorption deviation caused by high pressures. The proposed gradient index metamaterial provides a simple and efficient way to develop underwater broadband acoustic coatings.

The anechoic coating capable of absorbing sound energy in low frequencies within broadband is essential to conceal underwater vehicles. However, the geometric deformation and modification of mechanical parameters under hydrostatic pressure affect the prediction of absorption performance in deep water environments. An anechoic coating embedded with tandem resonant voids is proposed in this work to achieve quasi-perfect low-frequency and broadband absorption. The analytical method based on the effective medium approach and numerical simulation are performed to estimate the effects of hydrostatic pressure on sound absorption. When additionally considering the dynamic mechanical parameters of the compressed viscoelastic medium, the original absorption humps in low frequencies are inclined to higher band, accompanied by the expanded absorption bandwidth. Then, the tandem coating specimen is measured in a water-filled impedance tube. The experimental spectra are consistent with the analytical and numerical results under various hydrostatic pressures, demonstrating the efficient absorption (α > 0.7) in broadband low frequencies via ordinary pressure. At the same time, the absorption spectrum under higher hydrostatic pressures is also verified in the tube. Consequently, this work paves the way for a broadband low-frequency underwater absorber design and provides an efficient method to characterize the low-frequency and broadband absorption from the coupled resonant coatings in deep water environments.

The development of pressure-resistant sound-absorbing materials is crucial for enhancing the stealth performance of underwater vehicles operating at great depths. In this paper, a pressure-resistant metastructure is proposed, and an analytical model for its acoustic impedance is derived. Through structural optimization, the low-frequency sound absorption bandwidth is further extended. The results demonstrate that the proposed metastructure achieves broadband low-frequency sound absorption based on a plate–rubber–cavity coupling resonance mechanism. Experimental validation conducted in a pressurized impedance tube shows that under hydrostatic pressures ranging from 0.5 MPa to 3 MPa, the average sound absorption coefficient between 500 Hz and 10 kHz remains above 0.8. These findings confirm the effectiveness of the proposed configuration in broadening the low-frequency absorption bandwidth while maintaining stable acoustic performance under varying hydrostatic pressures. The study provides a robust platform for the development of underwater artificial functional materials and offers a novel approach for designing noise reduction structures suitable for deep-sea environments.