There is an ongoing need for improvements in non-invasive, point-of-care tools for the diagnosis and prognosis of diabetes mellitus. Ideally, such technologies would allow for community screening.

Objective: To answer the following PICO question: “In patients requiring surgical treatment of peri‐implantitis (P), is any implant surface decontamination protocol (I) superior to others (C) in terms of clinical and radiographic parameters (O)?”Methods: Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing two or more decontamination protocols as part of the surgical treatment of peri‐implantitis were included. Two authors independently searched for eligible studies, screened titles and abstracts, did full‐text analysis, extracted data, and performed the risk‐of‐bias assessment. Whenever possible, results were summarized through random effects meta‐analyses.Results: Twenty‐two manuscripts reporting on 16 RCTs were included, testing mechanical, chemical and physical decontamination protocols. All of them resulted in an improvement in clinical parameters; however, the superiority of specific protocols over others is mainly based on single RCTs. The use of titanium brushes and implantoplasty showed favorable results as single decontamination methods. Meta‐analyses indicated a lack of added effect of Er:Yag laser on probing pocket depth (PPD) reduction (n = 2, WMD = −0.24 mm, 95% confidence interval [CI] [−1.10; 0.63], p = .59); while systemic antimicrobials (amoxicillin or azithromycin) showed an added effect on treatment success ([PPD ≤5 mm, no bleeding or suppuration, no progressive bone loss]; n = 2, RR = 1.84, 95% CI [1.17;2.91], p = .008), but not in terms of PPD reduction (n = 2, WMD = 0.93 mm, 95% CI [−0.69; 2.55], p = .26), even if with substantial heterogeneity.Conclusions: No single decontamination method demonstrated clear evidence of superiority compared to the others. Systemic antibiotics, but not Er:Yag laser, may provide short‐term clinical benefits in terms of treatment success (CRD42020182303).

Background: This study was performed to evaluate the effects of initial periodontal treatment on the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of interleukin (IL)‐17, soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor‐kappa B ligand (sRANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in smoking and non‐smoking patients with chronic periodontitis.Methods: At baseline, GCF samples were obtained from 10 smoking and 10 non‐smoking systemically healthy patients with chronic periodontitis. Initial periodontal treatment, consisting of motivation and instruction for daily plaque control and scaling and root planing (SRP), was performed. GCF sampling and clinical periodontal measurements were repeated 4 weeks after completion of SRP. The data were tested statistically by the Student t and Wilcoxon matched‐pairs test and Spearman correlation analysis.Results: All clinical periodontal measurements had decreased significantly 4 weeks after SRP (P <0.001). GCF volume and the total amount and concentration of OPG decreased in smokers and non‐smokers after SRP, whereas the IL‐17 concentration increased (P 0.05). Significant correlations were found between baseline IL‐17 and receptor activator of nuclear factor‐kappa B ligand (RANKL) levels and between baseline papilla bleeding index and OPG levels (P <0.001 and P <0.05, respectively).Conclusions: Neither smoking nor periodontal inflammation seemed to influence GCF RANKL levels in systemically healthy patients with chronic periodontitis. Smoking and non‐smoking patients with chronic periodontitis were not affected differently by the initial periodontal treatment with regard to GCF IL‐17 and OPG concentrations.