A comprehensive, unbiased inventory of synuclein forms present in Lewy bodies from patients with dementia with Lewy bodies was carried out using two-dimensional immunoblot analysis, novel sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with modification-specific synuclein antibodies, and mass spectroscopy. The predominant modification of α-synuclein in Lewy bodies is a single phosphorylation at Ser-129. In addition, there is a set of characteristic modifications that are present to a lesser extent, including ubiquitination at Lys residues 12, 21, and 23 and specific truncations at Asp-115, Asp-119, Asn-122, Tyr-133, and Asp-135. No other modifications are detectable by tandem mass spectrometry mapping, except for a ubiquitous N-terminal acetylation. Small amounts of Ser-129 phosphorylated and Asp-119-truncated α-synuclein are present in the soluble fraction of both normal and disease brains, suggesting that these Lewy body-associated forms are produced during normal metabolism of α-synuclein. In contrast, ubiquitination is only detected in Lewy bodies and is primarily present on phosphorylated synuclein; it therefore likely occurs after phosphorylated synuclein has deposited into Lewy bodies. This invariant pattern of specific phosphorylation, truncation, and ubiquitination is also present in the detergent-insoluble fraction of brain from patients with familial Parkinson's disease (synuclein A53T mutation) as well as multiple system atrophy, suggesting a common pathogenic pathway for both genetic and sporadic Lewy body diseases. These observations are most consistent with a model in which preferential accumulation of normally produced Ser-129 phosphorylated α-synuclein is the key event responsible for the formation of Lewy bodies in various Lewy body diseases.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive accumulation in selected neurons of protein inclusions containing α-synuclein and ubiquitin. Rare inherited forms of PD are caused by autosomal dominant mutations in α-synuclein or by autosomal recessive mutations in parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase. We hypothesized that these two gene products interact functionally, namely, that parkin ubiquitinates α-synuclein normally and that this process is altered in autosomal recessive PD. We have now identified a protein complex in normal human brain that includes parkin as the E3 ubiquitin ligase, UbcH7 as its associated E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme, and a new 22-kilodalton glycosylated form of α-synuclein (αSp22) as its substrate. In contrast to normal parkin, mutant parkin associated with autosomal recessive PD failed to bind αSp22. In an in vitro ubiquitination assay, αSp22 was modified by normal but not mutant parkin into polyubiquitinated, high molecular weight species. Accordingly, αSp22 accumulated in a non-ubiquitinated form in parkin-deficient PD brains. We conclude that αSp22 is a substrate for parkin's ubiquitin ligase activity in normal human brain and that loss of parkin function causes pathological αSp22 accumulation. These findings demonstrate a critical biochemical reaction between the two PD-linked gene products and suggest that this reaction underlies the accumulation of ubiquitinated α-synuclein in conventional PD.

To date there is no accepted clinical diagnostic test for Parkinson's disease (PD) based on biochemical analysis of blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). α‐Synuclein (α‐syn) protein has been linked to the pathogenesis of PD with the discovery of mutations in the gene encoding α‐syn in familial cases with early‐onset PD. Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, which constitute the main pathological features in the brains of patients with sporadic PD and dementia with Lewy bodies, are formed by the conversion of soluble monomers of α‐syn into insoluble aggregates. We recently reported the presence of α‐syn in normal human blood plasma and in postmortem CSF. Here, we investigated whether α‐syn can be used as a biomarker for PD. We have developed a novel ELISA method that detects only oligomeric “soluble aggregates” of α‐syn. Using this ELISA, we report the presence of significantly elevated ( P =0.002) levels of oligomeric forms of α‐syn in plasma samples obtained from 34 PD patients compared with 27 controls; 52% (95% confidence intervals 0.353–0.687) of the PD patients displayed signals >0.5 OD with our ELISA assay in comparison to only 14.8% (95% confidence intervals 0.014 –0.281) for the control cases. An analysis of the test's diagnostic value revealed a specificity of 0.852 (95% confidence intervals 0.662– 0.958), sensitivity of 0.529 (95% confidence intervals 0.351–0.702) and a positive predictive value of 0.818 (95% confidence intervals 0.597–0.948). These observations offer new opportunities for developing diagnostic tests for PD and related diseases and for testing therapeutic agents aimed at preventing or reversing the aggregation of α‐syn.—El‐Agnaf, O. M. A., Salem, S. A., Paleologou, K. W., Curran, M. D., Gibson, M. J., Court, J. A., Schlossmacher, M. G., Allsop, D. Detection of oligomeric forms of α‐synuclein protein in human plasma as a potential biomarker for Parkinson's disease. FASEB J. 20, 419 –425 (2006)