The adsorption of methylene blue (MB) on activated carbons prepared from date stones with different degree of activation has been investigated. Equilibrium adsorption data of MB was carried out at 298 K. Four isotherm models (Freundlich, Langmuir, Redlich–Peterson and Sips) were tested for modeling the adsorption isotherms by nonlinear method. The three-parameter equations (Redlich–Peterson and Sips) showed more applicability than the two-parameter equations (Freundlich and Langmuir), which can be explained by the fact that these have three adjustable parameters. The best fit was achieved with the Redlich–Peterson equation according to the high value of correlation coefficient. All the samples were capable of retaining the MB, with the best result being reached by the sample with higher burn-off. Date stones activated carbon showed high adsorption capacity of 460 mg/g, calculated from the Sips isotherm model.

This article focuses on the application of clay, kaolinite, for the removal of fluoride ion from Saharan groundwater located in the Tindouf region (Algeria) because high concentrations are detected in potable water. Adsorption tests show that fluoride ion removal was efficient when the pH varies from 4.5 to 6. Under these conditions, the adsorption capacities were 0.442 and 0.448 mg/g, respectively. Kinetic and isotherm adsorption correlations were applied to describe the adsorption process. The results showed that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Freundlich isotherm fit well the experimental data. Thermodynamic calculation indicated that fluoride sorption into clay increased with increasing temperature from 30 to 55 °C, indicating the endothermic nature of sorption process. The investigation of the removal of fluoride from simulated potable water shows that the presence of nitrate and chloride ions did not influence the fluoride uptake. However, sulfate and carbonate ions decrease the adsorption capacity. Such results show that these ions may enter in competition with each other that may result in electrostatic repulsive forces between fluoride and clay surface. From this study, it can be concluded that the kaolinite is an effective and low-cost material for the removal of fluoride ions from groundwater.