MGlu5 receptor-mediated polyphosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis is classically measured by determining the amount of radioactivity incorporated in inositolmonophosphate (InsP) after labeling of membrane phospholipids with radioactive inositol. Although this method is historically linked to the study of mGlu receptors, it is inappropriate for the assessment of mGlu5 receptor signaling in vivo. Using a new ELISA kit we showed that systemic treatment with the selective positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of mGlu5 receptors VU0360172 enhanced InsP formation in different brain regions of CD1 or C57Black mice. The action of VU0360172 was sensitive to the mGlu5 receptor, negative allosteric modulator (NAM), MTEP, and was abolished in mice lacking mGlu5 receptors. In addition, we could demonstrate that endogenous activation of mGlu5 receptors largely accounted for the basal PI hydrolysis particularly in the prefrontal cortex. This method offers opportunity for investigation of mGlu5 receptor signaling in physiology and pathology, and could be used for the functional screening of mGlu5 receptor PAMs in living animals.

The study of radicalization encompasses a broad spectrum of perspectives, with scholars from diverse disciplines – ranging from psychology, sociology, political science, criminology, to economics – contributing to its multifaceted comprehension. Despite this substantial body of empirical research, the knowledge is fragmented across disciplines, emphasizing the need for integration to establish a cohesive framework. As laying the groundwork for a unified framework begins with identifying relevant phenomena, this systematic review analyzed 4019 research articles using text mining to detect phenomena associated with radicalization. Author keywords and abstracts were analyzed by examining term frequency as an indicator of relevance and term co‐occurrence as an indicator of association. The results reflect themes commonly featured in theory, such as ideology, identity, and social networks, but also identified themes not well developed in theory. Macro‐level phenomena, including the role of the state, economy, elections, policy, and regional factors, as well as micro‐ and meso‐level phenomena like the internet, social media, adolescence, personality, language, education, and mental health, are not sufficiently embedded in theory. The findings further provide the first empirical evidence confirming the fragmentation of research on radicalization. This review represents a crucial step toward synthesizing existing knowledge and advancing a unified understanding of radicalization.