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Wind energy has seen an increase of almost 500 GW of installed wind power over the past decade. Renewable energy technologies have, over the years, been striving to develop in relation to capacity and size and, simultaneously, though with less focus on, the consequences and challenges that arise when the products achieve end-of-life (EoL). The lack of knowledge and possibilities for the recycling of fiber composites and, thus, the handling of EoL wind turbine blades (WTBs) has created great environmental frustrations. At present, the frustrations surrounding the handling are based on the fact that the most commonly used disposal method is via landfills. No recycling or energy/material recovery is achieved here, making it the least advantageous solution seen from the European Waste Commission’s perspective. The purpose of this research was thus to investigate the current recycling methods and to categorize them based on the waste materials. The opportunities were compared based on processing capacity, price, environment and technology readiness level (TRL), which concluded that recycling through co-processing in the cement industry is the only economical option at present that, at the same time, has the capabilities to handle large amounts of waste materials.
Ebbe Paulsen; Peter Enevoldsen. A Multidisciplinary Review of Recycling Methods for End-of-Life Wind Turbine Blades. Energies 2021, 14, 4247 .
AMA StyleEbbe Paulsen, Peter Enevoldsen. A Multidisciplinary Review of Recycling Methods for End-of-Life Wind Turbine Blades. Energies. 2021; 14 (14):4247.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEbbe Paulsen; Peter Enevoldsen. 2021. "A Multidisciplinary Review of Recycling Methods for End-of-Life Wind Turbine Blades." Energies 14, no. 14: 4247.
This paper discusses and rebuts McKenna et al.‘s (2020, hereinafter M20) critique of the European wind power potential analysis of Enevoldsen et al. (2019, hereinafter E19). This paper rebuts M20's five claims regarding 1) potential definitions and conceptualizations of sociotechnical systems, 2) incomplete literature review, 3) opaque and incorrect use of input data, 4) oversimplified methods without validation, and 5) lack of consideration for some recent results. The five claims have been discussed using additional literature reviews, data from real operational European onshore wind turbines, elaborations of the research methodologies, as well as the justifications for the selected data and materials in E19, and finally thorough examinations of the proposed justifications for the five claims by M20 from where the majority was grounded in previous publications by the author group behind M20. We conclude that the relevant claims of M20 are incorrect or unproven, so the results of E19 stand.
Peter Enevoldsen; Finn-Hendrik Permien; Ines Bakhtaoui; Anna-Katharina von Krauland; Mark Z. Jacobson; George Xydis; Benjamin K. Sovacool; Scott V. Valentine; Daniel Luecht; Gregory Oxley. On the socio-technical potential for onshore wind in Europe: A response to critics. Energy Policy 2021, 151, 112147 .
AMA StylePeter Enevoldsen, Finn-Hendrik Permien, Ines Bakhtaoui, Anna-Katharina von Krauland, Mark Z. Jacobson, George Xydis, Benjamin K. Sovacool, Scott V. Valentine, Daniel Luecht, Gregory Oxley. On the socio-technical potential for onshore wind in Europe: A response to critics. Energy Policy. 2021; 151 ():112147.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter Enevoldsen; Finn-Hendrik Permien; Ines Bakhtaoui; Anna-Katharina von Krauland; Mark Z. Jacobson; George Xydis; Benjamin K. Sovacool; Scott V. Valentine; Daniel Luecht; Gregory Oxley. 2021. "On the socio-technical potential for onshore wind in Europe: A response to critics." Energy Policy 151, no. : 112147.
Differing estimates have emerged about how much land or water area is used by existing wind farms and how much power can be obtained from that area. Whereas, no single unique method exists to define wind farm spacing area, the spacing area (thus installed and output power densities) of a wind farm can be determined in a way to meet specific logical criteria, This study proposes a new, intuitive, data based, automatized method of estimating spacing areas occupied by existing onshore and offshore wind farms worldwide. The method eliminates the erroneous counting of space outside of wind farm boundaries, space between clusters of turbines, and overlapping space that results when assuming a large fixed area around each turbine. At least one of three types of extra space has incorrectly been included in all calculations of wind farm areas to date. Unlike most previous methods, this method also ensures that the addition of a wind turbine to a farm increases the overall required spacing area of the farm. The study then uses data from over 1600 operating wind turbines in 16 onshore and 7 offshore wind farms in 13 countries across 5 continents during the period 2016–2018 to quantify installed and output power densities of these farms. Finally, it compares results with estimates from other studies. Results indicate that the mean (range) installed and output power densities of onshore wind farms in Europe are 19.8 (6.2–46.9) MW/km2 and 6.64 (2.3–8.2) W/m2, respectively; of onshore wind farms outside of Europe are similarly 20.5 (16.5–48) MW/km2 and 6.84 (4.81–11.2) W/m2, respectively; and of offshore wind farms in Europe are 7.2 (3.3–20.2) MW/km2 and 2.94 (1.15–6.32) W/m2, respectively. The mean capacity factors in each case are thus 33.5%, 33.4%, and 40.8%, respectively. These results indicate substantially higher installed and output power densities than previously reported, based simply on different definitions of land area, with no impact on capacity factor. Thus, existing wind turbines may extract more wind power over less land or water than previously thought.
Peter Enevoldsen; Mark Z. Jacobson. Data investigation of installed and output power densities of onshore and offshore wind turbines worldwide. Energy for Sustainable Development 2020, 60, 40 -51.
AMA StylePeter Enevoldsen, Mark Z. Jacobson. Data investigation of installed and output power densities of onshore and offshore wind turbines worldwide. Energy for Sustainable Development. 2020; 60 ():40-51.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter Enevoldsen; Mark Z. Jacobson. 2020. "Data investigation of installed and output power densities of onshore and offshore wind turbines worldwide." Energy for Sustainable Development 60, no. : 40-51.
Energy markets with a high penetration of renewables are more likely to be challenged by price variations or volatility, which is partly due to the stochastic nature of renewable energy. The Danish electricity market (DK1) is a great example of such a market, as 49% of the power production in DK1 is based on wind power, conclusively challenging the electricity spot price forecast for the Danish power market. The energy industry and academia have tried to find the best practices for spot price forecasting in Denmark, by introducing everything from linear models to sophisticated machine-learning approaches. This paper presents a linear model for price forecasting—based on electricity consumption, thermal power production, wind production and previous electricity prices—to estimate long-term electricity prices in electricity markets with a high wind penetration levels, to help utilities and asset owners to develop risk management strategies and for asset valuation.
Jannik Schütz Roungkvist; Peter Enevoldsen; George Xydis. High-Resolution Electricity Spot Price Forecast for the Danish Power Market. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4267 .
AMA StyleJannik Schütz Roungkvist, Peter Enevoldsen, George Xydis. High-Resolution Electricity Spot Price Forecast for the Danish Power Market. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (10):4267.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJannik Schütz Roungkvist; Peter Enevoldsen; George Xydis. 2020. "High-Resolution Electricity Spot Price Forecast for the Danish Power Market." Sustainability 12, no. 10: 4267.
Peter Enevoldsen; Finn-Hendrik Permien; Ines Bakhtaoui; Anna-Katharina von Krauland; Mark Z. Jacobson; George Xydis; Benjamin K. Sovacool; Scott V. Valentine; Daniel Luecht; Gregory Oxley. Corrigendum to “How much wind power potential does Europe have? Examining European wind power potential with an enhanced socio-technical atlas” [Energy Policy 132 (2019) 1092 - 1100]. Energy Policy 2020, 138, 111213 .
AMA StylePeter Enevoldsen, Finn-Hendrik Permien, Ines Bakhtaoui, Anna-Katharina von Krauland, Mark Z. Jacobson, George Xydis, Benjamin K. Sovacool, Scott V. Valentine, Daniel Luecht, Gregory Oxley. Corrigendum to “How much wind power potential does Europe have? Examining European wind power potential with an enhanced socio-technical atlas” [Energy Policy 132 (2019) 1092 - 1100]. Energy Policy. 2020; 138 ():111213.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter Enevoldsen; Finn-Hendrik Permien; Ines Bakhtaoui; Anna-Katharina von Krauland; Mark Z. Jacobson; George Xydis; Benjamin K. Sovacool; Scott V. Valentine; Daniel Luecht; Gregory Oxley. 2020. "Corrigendum to “How much wind power potential does Europe have? Examining European wind power potential with an enhanced socio-technical atlas” [Energy Policy 132 (2019) 1092 - 1100]." Energy Policy 138, no. : 111213.
To be competitive in the electricity markets, various technologies have been reported to increase profits of wind farm owners. Combining battery storage system, wind farms can be operated as conventional power plants which promotes the integration of wind power into the power grid. However, high expenses on batteries keep investors away. Retired EV batteries, fortunately, still have enough capacity to be reused and could be obtained at a low price. In this work, a two-stage optimization of a wind energy retired EV battery-storage system is proposed. The economic performance of the proposed system is examined concerning its participation in the frequency containment normal operation reserve (FCR-N) market and the spot market simultaneously. To account uncertainties in the wind farm output, various electricity market prices, and up/down regulation status, a scenario-based stochastic programming method is used. The sizing of the equipment is optimized on top of daily operations of the hybrid system which formulates a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem. Scenarios are generated with the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) and Roulette Wheel Mechanism (RWM), which are further reduced with the simultaneous backward method (SBM) to increase computational efficiency. A 21 MW wind farm is selected as a case study. The optimization results show that by integrating with a retired EV battery-storage system (RESS) and a bi-directional inverter, the wind farm can increase its profits significantly when forwarding bids in both of the aforementioned electricity markets.
Sen Zhan; Peng Hou; Peter Enevoldsen; Guangya Yang; Jiangsheng Zhu; Joshua Eichman; Mark Z. Jacobson. Co-optimized trading of hybrid wind power plant with retired EV batteries in energy and reserve markets under uncertainties. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 2019, 117, 105631 .
AMA StyleSen Zhan, Peng Hou, Peter Enevoldsen, Guangya Yang, Jiangsheng Zhu, Joshua Eichman, Mark Z. Jacobson. Co-optimized trading of hybrid wind power plant with retired EV batteries in energy and reserve markets under uncertainties. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems. 2019; 117 ():105631.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSen Zhan; Peng Hou; Peter Enevoldsen; Guangya Yang; Jiangsheng Zhu; Joshua Eichman; Mark Z. Jacobson. 2019. "Co-optimized trading of hybrid wind power plant with retired EV batteries in energy and reserve markets under uncertainties." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 117, no. : 105631.
The continuous development of onshore wind farms is an important feature of the European transition towards an energy system powered by distributed renewables and low-carbon resources. This study assesses and simulates potential for future onshore wind turbine installations throughout Europe. The study depicts, via maps, all the national and regional socio-technical restrictions and regulations for wind project development using spatial analysis conducted through GIS. The inputs for the analyses were based on an original dataset compiled from satellites and public databases relating to electricity, planning, and other dimensions. Taking into consideration socio-technical constraints, which restricts 54% of the combined land area in Europe, the study reveals a nameplate capacity of 52.5 TW of untapped onshore wind power potential in Europe - equivalent to 1 MW per 16 European citizens – a supply that would be sufficient to cover the global all-sector energy demand from now through to 2050. The study offers a more rigorous, multi-dimensional, and granular atlas of onshore wind energy development that can assist with future energy policy, research, and planning.
Peter Enevoldsen; Finn-Hendrik Permien; Ines Bakhtaoui; Anna-Katharina von Krauland; Mark Z. Jacobson; George Xydis; Benjamin K. Sovacool; Scott V. Valentine; Daniel Luecht; Gregory Oxley. How much wind power potential does europe have? Examining european wind power potential with an enhanced socio-technical atlas. Energy Policy 2019, 132, 1092 -1100.
AMA StylePeter Enevoldsen, Finn-Hendrik Permien, Ines Bakhtaoui, Anna-Katharina von Krauland, Mark Z. Jacobson, George Xydis, Benjamin K. Sovacool, Scott V. Valentine, Daniel Luecht, Gregory Oxley. How much wind power potential does europe have? Examining european wind power potential with an enhanced socio-technical atlas. Energy Policy. 2019; 132 ():1092-1100.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter Enevoldsen; Finn-Hendrik Permien; Ines Bakhtaoui; Anna-Katharina von Krauland; Mark Z. Jacobson; George Xydis; Benjamin K. Sovacool; Scott V. Valentine; Daniel Luecht; Gregory Oxley. 2019. "How much wind power potential does europe have? Examining european wind power potential with an enhanced socio-technical atlas." Energy Policy 132, no. : 1092-1100.
The wind industry has innovated constantly throughout the past decades. Nevertheless, few studies have adequately analyzed the trends and consequences of the ever-growing wind turbines. Understanding the development and relationship of the technical characteristics of wind turbines provides insight into future innovations for multi-megawatt wind turbines. Such knowledge can be useful for industry members or researchers who are determined to design anything from new energy plans to the next wind turbine component. This study draws on an extensive dataset consisting of 35 years of multi-megawatt wind turbine inventions to explain the recent decades' development, which has resulted in a doubling of tower height and rotor diameters as well as eight times greater nameplate capacities. In addition, this study predicts and discusses the future development of wind turbines. The prediction reveals that both onshore and offshore wind turbines will keep growing in size, although offshore wind turbines are forecasted to experience the greatest growth.
Peter Enevoldsen; George Xydis. Examining the trends of 35 years growth of key wind turbine components. Energy for Sustainable Development 2019, 50, 18 -26.
AMA StylePeter Enevoldsen, George Xydis. Examining the trends of 35 years growth of key wind turbine components. Energy for Sustainable Development. 2019; 50 ():18-26.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter Enevoldsen; George Xydis. 2019. "Examining the trends of 35 years growth of key wind turbine components." Energy for Sustainable Development 50, no. : 18-26.
Reliable empirical data on the siting characteristics and operational performance of wind farms are scarce. Knowing more about the technical characteristics of wind farms provides insight into the business mindset of wind farm developers, which can be useful for policymakers or researchers who are intent on designing policy in a way to optimize wind farm investment by creating better alignment between the investment patterns sought by developers and government support designed to attract investment. This study draws on a unique dataset from 32 wind farms, 20 onshore and 12 in forested areas with a total of more than 2.5 GW installed wind capacity to explore development patterns. The paper examines four hypotheses related to characteristics of wind farms in emerging markets and investigating how project delays and progressive technological enhancements shape wind farm development. In this paper, we explain these results and conclude by extracting lessons from this analysis for creating wind power policy better aligned with developers’ interests.
Peter Enevoldsen; Scott Victor Valentine; Benjamin K. Sovacool. Insights into wind sites: Critically assessing the innovation, cost, and performance dynamics of global wind energy development. Energy Policy 2018, 120, 1 -7.
AMA StylePeter Enevoldsen, Scott Victor Valentine, Benjamin K. Sovacool. Insights into wind sites: Critically assessing the innovation, cost, and performance dynamics of global wind energy development. Energy Policy. 2018; 120 ():1-7.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter Enevoldsen; Scott Victor Valentine; Benjamin K. Sovacool. 2018. "Insights into wind sites: Critically assessing the innovation, cost, and performance dynamics of global wind energy development." Energy Policy 120, no. : 1-7.
Peter Enevoldsen; Scott Victor Valentine. Do onshore and offshore wind farm development patterns differ? Energy for Sustainable Development 2016, 35, 41 -51.
AMA StylePeter Enevoldsen, Scott Victor Valentine. Do onshore and offshore wind farm development patterns differ? Energy for Sustainable Development. 2016; 35 ():41-51.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter Enevoldsen; Scott Victor Valentine. 2016. "Do onshore and offshore wind farm development patterns differ?" Energy for Sustainable Development 35, no. : 41-51.
Peter Enevoldsen; Benjamin Sovacool. Examining the social acceptance of wind energy: Practical guidelines for onshore wind project development in France. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2016, 53, 178 -184.
AMA StylePeter Enevoldsen, Benjamin Sovacool. Examining the social acceptance of wind energy: Practical guidelines for onshore wind project development in France. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2016; 53 ():178-184.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter Enevoldsen; Benjamin Sovacool. 2016. "Examining the social acceptance of wind energy: Practical guidelines for onshore wind project development in France." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 53, no. : 178-184.
Peter Enevoldsen; Benjamin K. Sovacool. Integrating power systems for remote island energy supply: Lessons from Mykines, Faroe Islands. Renewable Energy 2016, 85, 642 -648.
AMA StylePeter Enevoldsen, Benjamin K. Sovacool. Integrating power systems for remote island energy supply: Lessons from Mykines, Faroe Islands. Renewable Energy. 2016; 85 ():642-648.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter Enevoldsen; Benjamin K. Sovacool. 2016. "Integrating power systems for remote island energy supply: Lessons from Mykines, Faroe Islands." Renewable Energy 85, no. : 642-648.
Peter Enevoldsen; Benjamin Sovacool; Torben Tambo. Collaborate, involve, or defend? A critical stakeholder assessment and strategy for the Danish hydrogen electrolysis industry. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2014, 39, 20879 -20887.
AMA StylePeter Enevoldsen, Benjamin Sovacool, Torben Tambo. Collaborate, involve, or defend? A critical stakeholder assessment and strategy for the Danish hydrogen electrolysis industry. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2014; 39 (36):20879-20887.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter Enevoldsen; Benjamin Sovacool; Torben Tambo. 2014. "Collaborate, involve, or defend? A critical stakeholder assessment and strategy for the Danish hydrogen electrolysis industry." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39, no. 36: 20879-20887.