Background: Osteoporosis, a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and increased fracture risk, poses significant social and economic challenges globally, while type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a prevalent metabolic disorder, has been linked to complex effects on bone health, including contradictory findings on its relationship with osteoporosis and fracture risk. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science Library to identify observational studies investigating whether people with T2DM have a higher risk of osteoporosis or fracture than people without diabetes. The time limit for literature retrieval was from the establishment of the database until March 2023. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality checklist. The meta-analysis was conducted using Stata 15, and a random-effects model was used if I² was > 50%. The Egger test was used to assess publication bias. Results: The results demonstrated that people with T2DM have a higher risk of osteoporosis. (relative risk, 1.841; 95% confidence interval, 1.219–2.780; P = .004). Similar results were demonstrated for fractures (relative risk, 1.21; 95% confidence interval, 1.09–1.31; P < .001). However, the results of the subgroup analysis showed no significant correlation between T2DM and fractures in univariate analysis, cross-sectional studies, Asia, Europe, Oceania, and vertebral fractures. However, a significant correlation was found in other subgroup analyses. Conclusions: Osteoporosis and fractures are significantly associated with T2DM.

More and more attention has been paid to the tumor microenvironment. The occurrence, development, metastasis, and drug resistance of tumor are closely related to the tumor microenvironment. At the same time, the application of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in tumor prevention and treatment has attracted more and more attention due to its regulatory effect on tumor cells and tumor microenvironment. The holistic view and multitarget regulatory view of TCM make it very suitable for the regulation of tumor microenvironment. This article will review the current research status of the molecular mechanism of TCM regulation of tumor microenvironment from three aspects: TCM can reverse the inhibitory phenotype of immune cells, TCM can enhance the immune response to tumor cells, and TCM clinical application.