Jung HD, et al. Investig Clin Urol. 2023 Jun;64:e45. https://doi.org/10.4111/icu.20230102

Goserelin is a drug used for chemical castration. In a rat model, we investigated whether surgical and chemical castration affected memory ability through the protein kinase A (PKA)/cyclic adenosine monophosphate response elementbinding protein (CREB)/brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and c-Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinases-extracellular signal-regulated kinases (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) pathways in the hippocampus. Orchiectomy was performed for surgical castration and goserelin acetate was subcutaneously transplanted into the anterior abdominal wall for chemical castration. Immunohistochemistry was done to quantify neurogenesis. To assess the involvement of the PKA/CREB/BDNF and c-Raf/MEK/ERK pathways in the memory process, western blots were used. The orchiectomy group and the goserelin group showed less neurogenesis and impaired short-term and spatial memory. Phosphorylation of PKA/CREB/BDNF and phosphorylation of c-Raf/MEK/ERK decreased in the orchiectomy and goserelin groups. Short-term memory and spatial memory were affected by surgical and chemical castration via the PKA/CREB/BDNF and c-Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathways.

Kim KH, et al. World J Mens Health. 2017 Sep;35:e22. https://doi.org/10.5534/wjmh.17039

We propose a novel method for fabricating fused fiber couplers whose transmission spectrum and sensitivity can be controlled in the wet-etching process. A wide tuning of the transmission spectrum during wet etching was observed experimentally. It was demonstrated that etched fused fiber couplers with reduced waist size had high sensitivity to the refractive index of an external medium. The sensitivity achieved by the present fiber coupler sensor was a 1125 nm/refractive index unit.

Lee HS, et al. J Korean Med Sci. 1994 Apr;9(2):188-196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3346/jkms.1994.9.2.188

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%).