Unexpected isolation, which has not yet been seen on a global scale, has created the conditions for evaluating nutrition in a situation of reduced spatial activity. The study aimed to assess the influence of lockdown on selected eating habits of Polish adults. An anonymous questionnaire was conducted, including questions about eating habits and self-reported anthropometric measurements, referring to “before” and “during” lockdown. We reported the findings of 312 adults (aged 41.12 ± 13.05 years). Overall, 64.1% of the participants were women, 77.7% urban inhabitants and 78.6% employed. The average length of social isolation was 50.79 ± 10.53 days. The majority (51.6%) of the respondents did not eat outside the house during lockdown (p < 0.0001). The number of meals eaten during the day during lockdown increased significantly, 11.2% of the respondents ate 5 and more meals (p < 0.0001). The percentage of people snacking between meals increased by 5.1% during lockdown (p = 0.0001). Eggs, potatoes, sweets, canned meat and alcohol were consumed considerably more commonly during lockdown, while fast-food products, instant soups and energy drinks were eaten or drunk significantly less frequently. A marked decrease in the number of daily servings of the following products was observed: bakery products, red meat, fast food, instant soups, sweet beverages and energy drinks. Conversely, the number of daily servings of sweets and canned meat significantly increased. Two thirds of the respondents reported body weight changes, with 45.86% of the participants being overweight during lockdown. Significant changes in the diet of Polish adults were found during lockdown due to COVID-19.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused huge changes in people’s lifestyle, health, and social relationships. This situation has had an impact on children and adolescents, affecting their health, intellectual, physical, and emotional development. The survey aimed to compare eating behaviors, level of physical activity (PA), hours of sleep, and screen time among Polish children and adolescents aged 6–15 years before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. We obtained self-reported data from 1016 participants at two measurement points before and during the COVID-19 lockdown in Poland to examine the influence of the lockdown and the distance learning on PA, dietary habits, sleep, and media usage of children and adolescents aged 6–15 years. The study identified dietary differences and changes in daily activity patterns (reduced sleep duration with higher sleep quality and reduced physical activity). Additionally, the increase in general media usage was observed during the pandemic alongside a reduction in smartphone usage. Together, the findings indicate increased sleep, physical activity, and reduced media usage and screen time among Polish children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic.

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Liraglutide is a novel human GLP‐1 analogue approved for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Since there is a high prevalence of co‐morbid hepatic impairment in this population it is of clinical importance to establish whether the pharmacokinetics of liraglutide are affected by hepatic impairment. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • This study shows that hepatic impairment does not increase liraglutide exposure. Rather, total exposure tends to decrease with increasing degree of hepatic impairment.AIMS: To compare the pharmacokinetics (PK) of a single‐dose of liraglutide in subjects with hepatic impairment.METHODS: This parallel group, open label trial involved four groups of six subjects with healthy, mild, moderate and severe hepatic impairment, respectively. Each subject received 0.75 mg of liraglutide (s.c., thigh), and blood samples were taken over 72 h for PK assessment. Standard laboratory and safety data were collected. The primary endpoint was area under the plasma liraglutide concentration–time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC(0,∞)).RESULTS: Exposure to liraglutide was not increased by hepatic impairment. On the contrary, mean AUC(0,∞) was highest for healthy subjects and lowest for subjects with severe hepatic impairment (severe/healthy: 0.56, with 90% CI 0.39, 0.81) and equivalence in this parameter across groups was not demonstrated. C_max also tended to decrease with hepatic impairment (severe/healthy: 0.71, with 90% CI 0.52, 0.97), but t_max was similar across groups (11.3–13.2 h). There were no serious adverse events, hypoglycaemic episodes or clinically significant changes in laboratory parameters and liraglutide was considered well tolerated.CONCLUSIONS: This study indicated no safety concerns regarding use of liraglutide in patients with hepatic impairment. Exposure to liraglutide was not increased by impaired liver function; rather, the results suggest a decreased exposure with increasing degree of hepatic impairment. However, data are not conclusive to suggest a dose increase of liraglutide. Thus, the results indicate that patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hepatic impairment can use standard treatment regimens of liraglutide. There is, however, currently limited clinical experience with liraglutide in patients with hepatic impairment.

Cel pracy: W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono zależność pomiędzy wegetarianizmem, a ortoreksją. Wegetarianizm jest ideologią i sposobem życia, który ma na celu minimalizowanie wykorzystywania zwierząt. Dieta wegetariańska wyklucza spożywanie mięsa i innych części ciała zwierząt. Ortoreksja jest uważana za nowe, jeszcze niesklasyfikowane zaburzenie odżywiania. Polega ona na wprowadzeniu ograniczeń dietetycznych przez osoby chcące poprawić stan swojego zdrowia poprzez właściwe odżywianie.Metoda: Metoda: W badaniu wzięło udział 2611 uczestników, w tym 1346 wegetarianie i 1265 osób na diecie zawierającej mięso. Kwestionariusz badania składał się z części dotyczącej ogólnej charakterystyki, danych antropometrycznych, testu BOT (Bratman Test for Orthorexia) oraz pytań oceniających stosunek do żywności i żywienia.Wyniki: Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników fanatyzm dotyczący zdrowej żywności dotyczy w wyższym stopniu wegetarian. Ryzyko wystąpienia ortoreksji maleje wraz z wiekiem i czasem stosowania diety Najwięcej fanatyków zdrowego żywienia znajduje się w grupie laktowegetarian, mniej wśród owowegetarian i laktoowowegetarian, a najmniej wśród osób na diecie wegańskiej. Wegetarianie i nie-wegetarianie równie często korzystali z konsultacji dietetycznych.Wnioski: Niewiele badań można znaleźć na temat powiązania ortoreksja i wegetarianizmu. Niektórzy naukowcy uważają, że wegetarianie są szczególnie podatni na ortoreksję. Inni autorzy uważają, że dieta wegetariańska może być stosowana do maskowania zaburzeń odżywiania, gdyż pozwala osobom z ortoreksją uniknąć pewnych produktów lub sytuacji związanych z jedzeniem. Kierunek przyczynowo-skutkowy nie został ustalony.

Inadequate eating habits, as well as a low level of physical activity, influence adipose tissue deposition. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of central obesity in upper-secondary students and to determine the factors related to its occurrence. The survey included 309 participants, aged 16 to 18 years from Krakow (Poland). Anthropometric measurements were taken during the periodic assessment of students’ health status. An anonymous questionnaire was used to assess the nutritional and non-nutritional risk factors of participants. According to different methods of measurement, abdominal obesity (AO) was observed in 15.5% (WC—waist circumference), 10.7% (WHtR—waist to height ratio) or 21.7% (WHR—waist to hip ratio) participants. Abdominal obesity (WC) was significantly associated with family history of excess body weight and higher economic status of the family. The risk of AO (WC) was significantly lower among adolescents who declared higher physical activity. Boys who eat first breakfasts have lower AO risk according to WHtR interpretation. Abdominal obesity in gender group was related to the self-esteem of one’s own appearance according to WHtR and WC. Abdominal obesity was associated with the family environment and modifiable lifestyle factors and was dependent on gender.

Visceral adiposity index (VAI) is a new anthropometric indicator that makes it possible to define the risk of obesity-related cardiometabolic complications even before the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. Evaluating the usefulness of VAI in order to differentiate metabolically unhealthy women (MU-PCOS) and defining the usefulness of this index in everyday practice. A prospective study was conducted among 43 women who met the Rotterdam criteria for diagnosing polycystic ovarian syndrome. Body composition was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using STATISTICA v. 10 and relevant statistical tests. The adopted significance level was p = 0.05. Based on the study results, a significant positive correlation was found between the value of VAI and the concentration of insulin (r = 0.33; p < 0.01), HOMA index (r = 0.46; p < 0.01) and FAI (r = 0.54; p < 0.01). It was also shown that there is a significant negative correlation between VAI and the concentration of SHBG (r = -0.53; p < 0.01) and HDL cholesterol (r = -0.88; p < 0.01). In the group of metabolically unhealthy women, the research showed a significantly higher value of free testosterone, SHGB, DHEAS and FAI (p < 0.05). Visceral adiposity index makes it possible to introduce early prevention of metabolic disorders (including cardiometabolic disorders), as well as to evaluate the increase of hyperandrogenemia in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. The use of the cut-off point of VAI = 1.675 is a simple way to evaluate women with MU-PCOS.