This article presents an intelligent differential capacitive bioelectronic sensing system that provides an experimental foundation for future AI-assisted reliable microfluidic reagent delivery in automated pathology. The proposed platform integrates a slot-type microfluidic chamber, a differential slot-line capacitive sensor, embedded readout and signal-conditioning electronics, and a supervisory state assessment concept within a unified architecture. Its purpose is to support stable microliter-scale reagent exchange together with non-invasive process observability in automated staining workflows. The experimental study included flow calibration, analysis of feed direction and chamber tilt angle, preliminary vibration-assisted bubble mobilization, and evaluation of the sensing subsystem. The results showed that reliable operation is achieved only within a practically admissible regime in which fluidic stability and sensing informativeness overlap. In the investigated setup, upper-feed delivery and low chamber tilt angles provided the most favorable filling conditions, while the differential capacitive subsystem enabled stable detection of liquid-state changes in narrow microtubes. The reported results establish a foundation for future AI-assisted transport-state recognition and adaptive monitoring in automated pathology platforms.

Automated multiplex immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH) require staining platforms that combine stable reagent exchange, low-volume operation, process observability, and protocol flexibility. Existing autostainers are often rigid and costly, whereas microfluidic and sensing solutions remain largely component-specific rather than system-oriented. This study proposes and partially validates a layered cyber-physical architecture for multiplex histological staining. The architecture integrates five functional layers—biochemical workflow, fluidic processing, capacitive sensing, protocol-driven control, and software-based process representation—within a unified formal framework and is supported at the subsystem level by experimental characterization of its fluidic and sensing layers. Fluidic experiments on a slot-type microfluidic chamber identified a practical operating window in which upper-feed operation, moderate calibrated flow conditions, and low chamber angles between 10° and 40° provide stable filling and acceptable drainage. The differential slot-line capacitive sensing subsystem detected liquid volumes as low as 0.5 µL, with stable threshold-based interpretation at a practical detection threshold of approximately 5 fF after digital filtering. The control and software layers are specified at the architectural and formal model level; their hardware implementation and closed-loop validation remain subjects of future work. Together, the reported results demonstrate that controlled reagent transport and sensing-based process observability are jointly feasible within the proposed modular framework, establishing a conceptual and experimental foundation for scalable, flexible, and resource-efficient multiplex IHC/ISH systems.