Salt damage is one of the main problems facing the preservation of earthen sites in heritage museums. The use of salt-inhibiting materials on the surface of earthen sites to prevent damages could cause secondary damage. A method of placing a sand layer as a water and salt barrier was introduced and evaluated based on the law of unsaturated soil water and salt transport. The method involves placing a sand layer on the lower layer of the earthen site to inhibit the migration of water and salt from the deep soil to the surface of the earthen site. Experiments and numerical simulations were conducted to study the long-term effect and efficiency of water and salt barrier of sand layers with different particle sizes. The results show that the sand layer could successfully block the continuous upwards transport of water. The salt was shown to stagnate at the boundary between the bottom of the sand layer and the experimental soil. According to the simulation results, the water and salt barrier effect of the sand layer is proportional to the particle size of the sand layer. The sand layer with particle sizes much larger than the experimental soil has a durable water and salt barrier effect. These results are important for understanding the mechanism of salt damage to earthen sites and for the sustainable preservation of relics against salt damage in a soil environment.

We present two adult cases of pneumococcal severe arthritis one case with, and other case without pericarditis those occurred in one season. Both cases eventually recovered, and the isolated S. pneumoniae strains were serotype 12F and penicillin susceptible. The patients were not elderly and had no medical history including pneumonia and vaccination. Although S. pneumoniae is a relatively rare causative pathogen of arthritis and/or pericarditis recently, a greater number of cases may be expected as a result of serotype conversion due to the increased use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in Japan.

わが国の小児期侵襲性肺炎球菌感染症 （invasive pneumococcal disease，IPD） の季節変動とそれに関連する因子を明らかにするために，地域中核病院小児科で IPD 患者を後方視的に検討した．対象は，1994 年7 月から2011 年 6 月までの 17 年間に西神戸医療センター小児科で IPD と診断された 15 歳以下の 72 例 （2回の反復例を3 例に認め，患者数は 69 症例） である．疾患内訳は occult bacteremia 48 例，肺炎10 例，髄膜炎10 例，眼周囲蜂窩織炎3 例，乳突洞炎1 例であった．IPD の関連因子として，1） 月齢，2） 同胞数，3） 未就学の同胞数，4） IPD 発症時の本人の保育園・幼稚園の通園の有無，5） 未就学の同胞がいる場合にその同胞の通園の有無の 5 因子を，カルテ記載または電話問診で調査した．季節変動の結果は，4～5 月 （n＝21） と 11～12 月 （n＝20） の二峰性のピークを形成し 7～9 月 （n＝8） の夏季に最も少なかった．4～5 月の 21 例はその他の月に発症した 51 例と比較して，本人の通園している割合 （4～5 月群vs その他の月に発症群，12/21［57.1％］vs 12/51［23.5％］；odds ratio，4.3；95％ confidence interval，1.5～12.8；p＝0.006） においても，また，本人，かつ/または，同胞が通園している割合 （17/21［80.9％］vs 27/51［52.9％］；odds ratio，3.8；95％ confidence interval，1.1～12.8；p＝0.027） においても有意に高かった．しかし，発症月齢 （中央値：14 カ月 vs 15 カ月），同胞数 （0 人［9 例］，1 人［11 例］，2 人［1 例］vs 0 人［21 例］，1 人［27 例］，2 人［2 例］），未就学同胞数は 2 群間に相違を認めなかった．一方，11～12 月の第 2 峰群とその他の月群においては上記 5 因子に有意な相違を認めなかった． 以上から，わが国の小児期 IPD は二峰性の季節変動を示し，4～5 月のピークは通園者が有意に多いことが判明した．4 月からの集団保育への参加が肺炎球菌の保菌率の上昇をもたらし，4～5 月の小児期 IPD のピークを形成する重要な要因のひとつと推測された.

Glaze flaking is widespread in Hongzhou kiln celadon dating from the Eastern Han to the Tang Dynasty, yet its underlying mechanism cannot be attributed to a single factor. In this study, 11 Hongzhou kiln celadon specimens from the Eastern Han, Southern Dynasties, and Sui–Tang periods were examined using microscopic observation, SEM–EDS, Raman spectroscopy, crack-width measurements, glaze-area analysis, water-absorption tests, and burial environment analysis to investigate the characteristics and causes of glaze flaking. The results show that crazing-crack width is significantly and positively correlated with the extent of glaze flaking. The body–glaze interlayer generally exhibited heterogeneous features, including anorthite crystallization, unmelted quartz grains, bubbles, and locally phase-separated droplets. Anorthite crystals and adjacent regions were frequently associated with crystal-shaped corrosion pits, irregular voids, and localized structural loosening; degraded areas showed depletion of Ca and Si and relative enrichment of Al and Fe. The burial soils were generally neutral to slightly alkaline and showed no evident salt accumulation, suggesting that high salinity was not the primary direct cause of glaze flaking in these samples. These findings suggest that glaze flaking in Hongzhou kiln celadon results from the interaction between firing-induced heterogeneity at the body–glaze interface and prolonged post-burial corrosion. Crazing and interconnected cracks acted as pathways for moisture and soluble ions to penetrate the body–glaze interlayer, triggering selective corrosion of Ca-rich crystalline phases and adjacent glassy phases and ultimately causing interfacial destabilization and glaze loss.

Suicidal ideation remains a longstanding and critical issue in mental health research due to its serious consequences for individuals’ lives and well-being. Although relative deprivation has been identified as an important risk factor for suicidal ideation, the mechanisms underlying this association remain poorly understood. Drawing on multiple theoretical perspectives, including the Strain Theory of suicide and the Stress-Buffering Model, this study examined a moderated mediation model linking relative deprivation to suicidal ideation, with psychological pain as the mediator and social support as the moderator. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 630 college students. Participants completed self-report measures of relative deprivation, psychological pain, perceived social support, and suicidal ideation. The findings revealed that relative deprivation was positively associated with suicidal ideation and that psychological pain mediated this association (β = 0.066, 95% CI = [0.028, 0.121]). Moreover, social support significantly moderated both stages of the mediation process, weakening the positive effect of relative deprivation on psychological pain and the positive effect of psychological pain on suicidal ideation (β = −0.130, 95% CI = [−0.190, −0.070]; β = −0.089, 95% CI = [−0.150, −0.028]). Overall, the findings suggest that relative deprivation contributes to suicidal ideation through psychological pain and that social support serves as an important boundary condition in this process. These findings extend existing theoretical frameworks and offer practical implications for suicide prevention among college students.