The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) sensors and Machine Learning (ML) technologies has transformed precision agriculture by enabling data-driven, adaptive, and efficient farming practices. IoT sensors provide continuous, high-resolution monitoring of critical agricultural parameters, including soil health, crop growth, and environmental conditions. Coupled with advanced ML algorithms, this data facilitates predictive analytics and real-time decision-making, optimizing resource utilization for irrigation, pest control, and yield prediction. Recent innovations, such as edge computing, Reinforcement Learning (RL), and Transfer Learning, have further enhanced the scalability and adaptability of IoT-ML systems, enabling dynamic responses to complex agricultural challenges. This review synthesizes evidence from case studies and emerging applications to illustrate the potential of IoT-ML integration in driving sustainable agricultural development. Highlighted examples include IoT-enabled irrigation systems achieving over 30% water savings and RL-driven automation for efficient pest and disease management. Despite significant progress, barriers such as high initial investment costs, connectivity limitations, and data integration challenges hinder widespread adoption, particularly in resource-constrained regions. The study provides a comprehensive evaluation of IoT-ML applications, explores strategies to address implementation hurdles, and outlines a roadmap for scaling these technologies globally. By advancing precision agriculture through technological innovation, this integration represents a critical pathway toward enhancing food security, reducing environmental footprints, and promoting resilient agricultural systems.

A major contributor to economic growth in Nigeria, the construction sector is frequently beset by large cost and schedule overruns that jeopardize project profitability and impede the development of infrastructure. This study looks into how project management techniques affect these overruns in building construction projects in Nigeria. The goal of the study is to pinpoint the major project management variables that lead to overspending and delays while also offering recommendations for best practices to address these problems. A mixed-methods strategy was used, integrating qualitative case studies with quantitative data analysis. Project engineers, contractors, Architects, and Technicians were given standardized questionnaires to complete about a variety of Nigerian building projects. In-depth interviews and focus groups were also held to acquire a deeper understanding of the real-world difficulties and experiences encountered in the field. The study pinpoints several crucial project management techniques that affect time and cost performance. The results show that Inadequate construction site management and supervision ranked 1st with an RII of 0.7877, Improper construction techniques and lack of experience of the consultant came 2nd and 3rd with RII of 0.7215 and 0.7213 respectively. Late payments during work progress and Use of improper equipment are contributors to project time overrun; while, factors affecting cost overrun are fluctuation in building material costs ranked 1st with RII of 0.7354, frequent design changes, (0.7138), omissions and errors in bills of quantities (0.6754), import of construction materials (0.6754). The report suggests enhancing project management through effective resource management techniques, ongoing training and certification programs, and implementing advanced technology to improve communication, resource management, and planning precision, contributing to sustainable growth in Nigeria's construction industry. Keywords: stakeholder management, construction sector, project management, major contributor

This study examined the impact of poor cost estimation, material price fluctuations, and payment delays on construction project performance and financial health in Nigeria. A quantitative approach was employed, collecting data via an online survey of 74 construction professionals, including quantity surveyors and contractors. Cost estimation errors, price variations, and payment delays were analysed using a five-point Likert scale and the Relative Importance Index (RII). Findings revealed that errors in the Bill of Quantities (BOQ) significantly damage professional reputation. Contractors’ chances of securing future projects were most affected (mean = 3.42), followed by quantity surveyors obtaining new commissions (mean = 3.40). Underestimating project costs created high risks, particularly project delays and funding shortages that could result in bankruptcy (mean = 3.78). Contractors faced the greatest financial loss due to reduced profit margins from underestimation (mean = 3.88). Material cost fluctuations were another key concern, with inflation in building materials ranked highest (mean = 4.92), followed by rising transportation costs (mean = 4.76). Payment delays further contributed to cost overruns and schedule disruptions. The main causes were poor availability of client funds (RII = 0.71) and disputes over work valuation (RII = 0.72). The study underscores the importance of accurate cost estimation to safeguard company finances and maintain project schedules. It recommends improving costing methodologies, strengthening stakeholder communication, and mitigating payment delays through enhanced contract management and financial controls. These findings provide practical strategies for reducing financial and operational risks associated with cost inaccuracies and delayed payments in construction projects.

The Nigerian construction industry is a dynamic sector with various professional roles and rivalries, crucial for economic development and stability. However, professional interference can hinder its sustainable growth and expansion. A multi-faceted approach involving multiple stakeholders, including government bodies, industry associations, professionals, and the public, is needed to create an environment that promotes professionalism, accountability, and quality in the industry. Understanding the implications and consequences of professional interference is crucial for sustainable growth in the Nigerian construction industry. A qualitative research study identified the core roles of NIA, NIQS, and NSE and the causes of professional interference. According to our study, it is recommended that the Federal Republic of Nigeria create regulatory councils for professional organizations in the construction sector to define their boundaries, tasks, and obligations. Stringent regulations and enforcement of laws are necessary to prevent professionals from overlapping roles and responsibilities, to avoid potential repercussions like losing their practice licenses, tarnishing their reputation, and legal consequences under media scrutiny.

This study evaluated the effect of Apapa Gridlock on the economy of Nigeria. It explored the importance of Transport Infrastructure Projects (TIPs) in the economic development of Lagos and the country at large. Empirical research was adopted to evaluate Transport Infrastructure Projects’ effects on societal transformations and economic growth of the nation’s economy. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. The gathered dataset was analyzed using the Google Scholar Statistical tool and the results presented in simple graphs. The summary of the findings shows that 94% of the respondents had experienced Apapa Gridlock. 100% of the respondents agreed that it affects Lagos economy in general. While 55% posited Apapa Gridlock contributed to Lagos traffic. 76% of the respondents agreed that previous attempts did not record meaningful success on reducing Lagos traffic. The result of the T-test was lesser than 0.05, therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected and the research upholds that there is a positive relationship between Nigeria economy and Apapa Gridlock; because Apapa traffic slows down economic activities in Lagos which is the capital base of the country. The work concluded that reforms are critical to solving Apapa Gridlock and recommended the use of a comprehensive multi-tier PPP solution. Keywords: Grillock, Economy, Infrastructure, Mitigation, Project