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Thalis Zis
Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark

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Research article
Published: 26 June 2021 in Maritime Policy & Management
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The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has implemented a series of increasingly stricter regulations to reduce sulphur emissions from international shipping. As of January 2020, the global sulphur cap requires the use of fuel containing a maximum of 0.5% sulphur content, or the use of technology achieving a similar reduction in sulphur emissions. Deciding between fuel switching or investing in abatement technologies has been a recurring topic for research in the last decade, with a focus on shipping activities within Emission Control Areas (ECAs). The quest for the desulphurization of shipping results in higher operating costs as well as CO2 emissions. We estimate the economic and environmental impacts of compliance with sulphur limits for a variety of representative ship types. This paper quantitatively assesses case studies across the most important shipping sectors highlighting their different challenges. The results confirm that scrubber investments are more profitable at times of higher fuel prices, and for ships that spend relatively more time sailing. We show that the potential for speed differentiation inside and outside ECAs has been diminished. This framework can be a useful decision support system for selecting the best response amongst different compliance options to environmental regulations.

ACS Style

Thalis P.V. Zis; Kevin Cullinane; Stefano Ricci. Economic and environmental impacts of scrubbers investments in shipping: a multi-sectoral analysis. Maritime Policy & Management 2021, 1 -19.

AMA Style

Thalis P.V. Zis, Kevin Cullinane, Stefano Ricci. Economic and environmental impacts of scrubbers investments in shipping: a multi-sectoral analysis. Maritime Policy & Management. 2021; ():1-19.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thalis P.V. Zis; Kevin Cullinane; Stefano Ricci. 2021. "Economic and environmental impacts of scrubbers investments in shipping: a multi-sectoral analysis." Maritime Policy & Management , no. : 1-19.

Journal article
Published: 21 June 2021 in Maritime Economics & Logistics
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The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has adopted a strategy to reduce emissions from international shipping that sets very ambitious targets. The first set of actions, so-called short-term measures, are expected to be implemented by 2023 and result in a reduction of emission intensity by at least 40% by 2030 compared with 2008 levels. Compliance may be achieved through a reduction in sailing speeds, but certain countries have raised concerns on the ramifications of longer transit times on their exports, particularly for perishable products. In this paper, we present a methodology to assess the impacts of various short-term measures on perishable products. We use an extension of a nested modal split model to examine shifts towards other modes of transport. We demonstrate our methodology with a transpacific case study carrying perishable products from South America to China. We compare the short-term measures currently under discussion, in one of the first academic studies to explore these issues. These include a speed limit approach, a power limit, and a goal-based measure. Our results show that a power limit or a goal-based measure would offer some advantages to liner shipping operators using more efficient vessels, unlike a speed limit. Using 2008 as the benchmark year has resulted in small speed reductions required by the liner shipping sector to reach its targets. For perishable cargoes, small speed reductions can be tolerated by the shippers without significant modal shift. Choosing the right short-term strategy is of utmost importance to promote clean shipping practices in the following years.

ACS Style

Thalis P. V. Zis; Harilaos N. Psaraftis. Impacts of short-term measures to decarbonize maritime transport on perishable cargoes. Maritime Economics & Logistics 2021, 1 -28.

AMA Style

Thalis P. V. Zis, Harilaos N. Psaraftis. Impacts of short-term measures to decarbonize maritime transport on perishable cargoes. Maritime Economics & Logistics. 2021; ():1-28.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thalis P. V. Zis; Harilaos N. Psaraftis. 2021. "Impacts of short-term measures to decarbonize maritime transport on perishable cargoes." Maritime Economics & Logistics , no. : 1-28.

Original paper
Published: 03 January 2021 in International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics
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The purpose of this paper is to describe the impact assessment of a mandatory operational goal-based short-term measure to reduce green house gas (GHG) emissions from ships. The specific measure has been proposed by Denmark and other co-sponsors in the context of the relevant discussion at the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and in particular the so-called Initial IMO Strategy. The IMO is a specialized United Nations agency that regulates shipping. The Initial IMO Strategy, adopted in 2018, has been the most recent major international environmental agreement on how to reduce GHG emissions from ships at a global level. The central research question in this paper is to ascertain the potential impacts of the aforementioned measure to least developed countries (LDCs) and small island developing states (SIDS). There are concerns that such states may be negatively impacted, or even disproportionately negatively impacted, by whatever measure is decided by the IMO. After gaps in the literature and data are identified, our methodology develops a list of potential negative impacts, and looks at a set of factors that may influence these impacts. Then, we discuss how the goal-based measure may impact LDCs/SIDs as regards each of the identified negative impacts. The analysis argues that for LDCs and SIDS a risk for negative and disproportionately negative impacts exists. The only negative impact of which both the probability and the consequence are considered high is the difficulty to finance retrofitting of old ships or investment in new ships. As such, this is likely a disproportionally negative impact. At the same time, the degree of share (or responsibility) of the goal-based measure with respect to such potential negative impacts, vis-à-vis the share of other factors contributing to these impacts, cannot be precisely ascertained, even though we conjecture this share to be low.

ACS Style

Harilaos N. Psaraftis; Thalis Zis. Impact assessment of a mandatory operational goal-based short-term measure to reduce GHG emissions from ships: the LDC/SIDS case study. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 2021, 21, 445 -467.

AMA Style

Harilaos N. Psaraftis, Thalis Zis. Impact assessment of a mandatory operational goal-based short-term measure to reduce GHG emissions from ships: the LDC/SIDS case study. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics. 2021; 21 (3):445-467.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Harilaos N. Psaraftis; Thalis Zis. 2021. "Impact assessment of a mandatory operational goal-based short-term measure to reduce GHG emissions from ships: the LDC/SIDS case study." International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 21, no. 3: 445-467.

Journal article
Published: 22 September 2020 in Research in Transportation Business & Management
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In an effort to reduce carbon emissions from international shipping, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) developed its initial strategy in April 2018 setting ambitious targets for the sector. According to the initial strategy, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from international shipping need to be reduced by at least 50% by 2050, and the CO2 emissions intensity by 40% by the year 2030, both compared to the 2008 levels. In order to achieve these goals, a combination of operational measures, investments in emissions abatement technology, and market-based measures will be necessary. The goals currently do not differentiate among different shipping sectors, and each sector faces different challenges. In this paper, we focus on short sea shipping (SSS), and on Ro-Pax services in particular that in general have not been examined thoroughly in the literature. We examine the emissions reduction potential of several measures, and we assess their efficacy compared with the targets set by the IMO initial strategy. The paper shows that the examined measures are not sufficient on their own to achieve the desired levels of reductions, and that a combination will be necessary, while technological solutions will need to be made more competitive through market based instruments.

ACS Style

Thalis P.V. Zis; Harilaos N. Psaraftis; Fabian Tillig; Jonas W. Ringsberg. Decarbonizing maritime transport: A Ro-Pax case study. Research in Transportation Business & Management 2020, 37, 100565 .

AMA Style

Thalis P.V. Zis, Harilaos N. Psaraftis, Fabian Tillig, Jonas W. Ringsberg. Decarbonizing maritime transport: A Ro-Pax case study. Research in Transportation Business & Management. 2020; 37 ():100565.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thalis P.V. Zis; Harilaos N. Psaraftis; Fabian Tillig; Jonas W. Ringsberg. 2020. "Decarbonizing maritime transport: A Ro-Pax case study." Research in Transportation Business & Management 37, no. : 100565.

Review article
Published: 06 August 2020 in Ocean Engineering
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Ship weather routing has seen considerably increasing attention in recent years in both academia and industry. Problems in this area consider finding the optimal path and sailing speed for a given voyage considering the environmental conditions of wind and waves. The objectives typically consider minimizing operating costs, fuel consumption, or risk of passage. This paper presents a survey of weather routing and voyage optimization research in maritime transportation, explaining the main methodological approaches, and the key disciplines that are dealing with this problem. The main methodologies used to solve the weather routing problem include the isochrone method, dynamic programming, calculus of variations, the use of pathfinding algorithms and heuristics, while in recent years artificial intelligence and machine learning applications have also risen. Most of these methodologies are well established, and have not changed significantly throughout the years, although applications with a combination of these methods have been used. A taxonomy is subsequently presented based on the discipline, application area, methodological approach, and other important parameters. Considering the steep increase in the number of research papers published in recent years, this paper also seeks to propose future research topics in the field. The paper highlights the need to standardize the reporting of savings through weather routing, to facilitate comparisons between methodologies, which could be achieved through the creation of benchmarking instances.

ACS Style

Thalis P.V. Zis; Harilaos N. Psaraftis; Li Ding. Ship weather routing: A taxonomy and survey. Ocean Engineering 2020, 213, 107697 .

AMA Style

Thalis P.V. Zis, Harilaos N. Psaraftis, Li Ding. Ship weather routing: A taxonomy and survey. Ocean Engineering. 2020; 213 ():107697.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thalis P.V. Zis; Harilaos N. Psaraftis; Li Ding. 2020. "Ship weather routing: A taxonomy and survey." Ocean Engineering 213, no. : 107697.

Journal article
Published: 19 May 2020 in Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
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To achieve IMO’s goal of a 50% reduction of GHG emission by 2050 (compared to the 2008 levels), shipping must not only work towards an optimization of each ship and its components but aim for an optimization of the complete marine transport system, including fleet planning, harbour logistics, route planning, speed profiles, weather routing and ship design. ShipCLEAN, a newly developed model, introduces a coupling of a marine transport economics model to a sophisticated ship energy systems model – it provides a leap towards a holistic optimization of marine transport systems. This paper presents how the model is applied to propose a reduction in fuel consumption and environmental impact by speed reduction of a container ship on a Pacific Ocean trade and the implementation of wind assisted propulsion on a MR Tanker on a North Atlantic trade. The main conclusions show that an increase of the fuel price, for example by applying a bunker levy, will lead to considerable, economically motivated speed reductions in liner traffic. The case study sowed possible yearly fuel savings of almost 21 300 t if the fuel price would be increased from 300 to 1000 USD/t. Accordingly, higher fuel prices can motivate the installation of wind assisted propulsion, which potentially saves up to 500 t of fuel per year for the investigated MR Tanker on a transatlantic route.

ACS Style

Fabian Tillig; Jonas W. Ringsberg; Harilaos N. Psaraftis; Thalis Zis. Reduced environmental impact of marine transport through speed reduction and wind assisted propulsion. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 2020, 83, 102380 .

AMA Style

Fabian Tillig, Jonas W. Ringsberg, Harilaos N. Psaraftis, Thalis Zis. Reduced environmental impact of marine transport through speed reduction and wind assisted propulsion. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 2020; 83 ():102380.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fabian Tillig; Jonas W. Ringsberg; Harilaos N. Psaraftis; Thalis Zis. 2020. "Reduced environmental impact of marine transport through speed reduction and wind assisted propulsion." Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 83, no. : 102380.

Review
Published: 12 May 2020 in Sustainability
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This paper aims to conduct an updated literature survey on the Market-Based Measures (MBMs) currently being proposed by various member states and organizations at the International Maritime Organization (IMO) or by the scientific and grey literature as a cost-effective solution to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from ships. Τhe paper collects, summarizes, and categorizes the different proposals to provide a clear understanding of the existing discussions on the field and also identifies the areas of prior investigation in order to prevent duplication and to avoid the future discussion at the IMO to start from scratch. Relevant European Union (EU) action on MBMs is also described. Furthermore, the study identifies inconsistencies, gaps in research, conflicting studies, or unanswered questions that form challenges for the implementation of any environmental policy at a global level for shipping. Finally, by providing foundational knowledge on the topic of MBMs for shipping and by exploring inadequately investigated areas, the study addresses concrete research questions that can be investigated and resolved by the scientific and shipping community.

ACS Style

Sotiria Lagouvardou; Harilaos N. Psaraftis; Thalis Zis. A Literature Survey on Market-Based Measures for the Decarbonization of Shipping. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3953 .

AMA Style

Sotiria Lagouvardou, Harilaos N. Psaraftis, Thalis Zis. A Literature Survey on Market-Based Measures for the Decarbonization of Shipping. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (10):3953.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sotiria Lagouvardou; Harilaos N. Psaraftis; Thalis Zis. 2020. "A Literature Survey on Market-Based Measures for the Decarbonization of Shipping." Sustainability 12, no. 10: 3953.

Book chapter
Published: 06 April 2020 in Short Sea Shipping in the Age of Sustainable Development and Information Technology
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This chapter discusses European policies as regards short sea shipping (SSS) and intermodality. To that effect, a broad view is adopted, as there have been several policy initiatives in Europe that deal directly or indirectly with both sectors in recent years. This chapter examines the situation as regards SSS and intermodality in Europe, reviews some of the main challenges and outlines prospects for the future. The role of ports as key enablers of SSS is discussed, and some of the main factors that are related and may have significant impact as regards SSS and intermodality are presented. These factors include EU port deregulation, the role of rail transport, environmental regulations, sulphur regulations, port security and others. The chapter tries to explain the causes of current problems, investigates cross-linkages and suggests possible improvements.

ACS Style

Harilaos Psaraftis; Thalis Zis. European policies for short sea shipping and intermodality. Short Sea Shipping in the Age of Sustainable Development and Information Technology 2020, 3 -21.

AMA Style

Harilaos Psaraftis, Thalis Zis. European policies for short sea shipping and intermodality. Short Sea Shipping in the Age of Sustainable Development and Information Technology. 2020; ():3-21.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Harilaos Psaraftis; Thalis Zis. 2020. "European policies for short sea shipping and intermodality." Short Sea Shipping in the Age of Sustainable Development and Information Technology , no. : 3-21.

Journal article
Published: 14 March 2020 in Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
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As from January 2020, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) is implementing a global 0.5% limit on the sulphur content of fuel, commonly known as the global sulphur cap. This limit is the latest policy in the efforts to reduce sulphur emissions from shipping, following the designation of emission control areas (ECAs) and other regional regulations. In this paper, a literature review is conducted of academic studies that have dealt with issues relating to the reduction of maritime sulphur emissions. Various recurring research themes are identified, spanning the areas of operations research, maritime economics and transport policy. The effects and implications of available compliance options are then analyzed from the perspectives of ship operators, shippers and consumers. Using lessons learned from the enforcement of ECA regulations, this is followed by an appraisal of various potential issues related to the enforcement of these new global regulations. It is found that a homogeneous enforcement regime is required to ensure a level playing field amongst ship operators and that the global sulphur cap may lead to serious market distortion, due to the potential short term rise of fuel prices. The paper concludes with a set of recommendations for future research on sulphur emissions from shipping in the aftermath of the global cap and, looking forward, to its relationship to the IMO strategy on the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) shipping emissions.

ACS Style

Thalis P.V. Zis; Kevin Cullinane. The desulphurisation of shipping: Past, present and the future under a global cap. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 2020, 82, 102316 .

AMA Style

Thalis P.V. Zis, Kevin Cullinane. The desulphurisation of shipping: Past, present and the future under a global cap. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 2020; 82 ():102316.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thalis P.V. Zis; Kevin Cullinane. 2020. "The desulphurisation of shipping: Past, present and the future under a global cap." Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 82, no. : 102316.

Journal article
Published: 18 March 2019 in Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
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The 0.1% limit in sulphur content within Sulphur Emission Control Areas as of 1st January 2015 requires that ship operators either use pricier ultra-low sulphur fuel oil, or alternatively install abatement technologies through substantial capital investments. A part of the resulting higher operating costs are passed on to shippers resulting in increased freight rates. These may lead to modal shifts towards rail or road options competing with Ro-Ro operators. Due to the unexpectedly low fuel prices in the period 2014–2016, Ro-Ro operators were relatively unharmed by the new limits, but nascent research has shown that if fuel prices increase some Ro-Ro services may not survive. This paper examines a set of policy options that can mitigate or reverse the negative effects of the low-sulphur regulation. The measures include internalizing external costs of transport, repaying fuel surcharges to shippers, subsidizing technological investments of ship operators, or increasing the landbased costs of transport via levies. To compare their efficacy, total costs are calculated for each measure. The results show that the proposed measures can successfully reduce the negative effects of the regulation but this would entail significant costs. A combination of subsidies towards shippers and ship operators is shown to be effective at reversing potential modal shifts and can be crucial in case of high fuel prices in the near future. The findings of this work can assist operators to develop new strategies and improve the resilience of their network, and regulators designing environmental policies that may have negative implications on certain sectors.

ACS Style

Thalis P.V. Zis; Harilaos Psaraftis; George Panagakos; Jacob Kronbak. Policy measures to avert possible modal shifts caused by sulphur regulation in the European Ro-Ro sector. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 2019, 70, 1 -17.

AMA Style

Thalis P.V. Zis, Harilaos Psaraftis, George Panagakos, Jacob Kronbak. Policy measures to avert possible modal shifts caused by sulphur regulation in the European Ro-Ro sector. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 2019; 70 ():1-17.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thalis P.V. Zis; Harilaos Psaraftis; George Panagakos; Jacob Kronbak. 2019. "Policy measures to avert possible modal shifts caused by sulphur regulation in the European Ro-Ro sector." Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 70, no. : 1-17.

Chapter
Published: 12 February 2019 in Sustainable Shipping
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In recent years the issue of sulfur emissions from maritime transport has seen newfound attention. This chapter presents an overview of the main issues of sulfur emissions and the legislative framework that seeks to reduce the sulfur footprint of the maritime sector. It also analyzes potential modal shifts toward less efficient land-based modes which may happen as a result of sulfur regulations and investigates the related potential economic damage to ship operators. To that effect, this chapter presents findings from a recently finished project at DTU and the developed methodological framework that can be used to estimate such modal shifts, as well as to measure the efficacy of policy and ship operators’ measures to reverse such shifts.

ACS Style

Thalis P. V. Zis; Harilaos N. Psaraftis. Reducing Sulfur Emissions: Logistical and Environmental Considerations. Sustainable Shipping 2019, 249 -284.

AMA Style

Thalis P. V. Zis, Harilaos N. Psaraftis. Reducing Sulfur Emissions: Logistical and Environmental Considerations. Sustainable Shipping. 2019; ():249-284.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thalis P. V. Zis; Harilaos N. Psaraftis. 2019. "Reducing Sulfur Emissions: Logistical and Environmental Considerations." Sustainable Shipping , no. : 249-284.

Chapter
Published: 12 February 2019 in Sustainable Shipping
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Sustainable shipping involves not only ships but ports as their extension. This chapter examines the issues associated with a green port operation. These include technologies such as cold ironing; market-based practices such as differentiated fairway dues, speed reduction, and noise and dust abatement; and others. The legislative framework in various countries is explained, and various environmental scorecards are discussed. This chapter starts with a brief review on recent academic research in the field of environmental management of ports and presents the status quo in leading ports around the world. The chapter emphasizes on the implementation of speed reduction programmes near the port, the use of cold ironing at berth, and the effects of fuel quality regulation, considering the perspectives of the port authority and the ship operator. The emerging environmental and economic trade-offs are discussed. The aim of this chapter is to be a starting point for researchers seeking to work on green ports. Insights of this chapter may also be useful for stakeholders seeking to select the best emissions reduction option depending on their unique characteristics.

ACS Style

Thalis P. V. Zis. Green Ports. Sustainable Shipping 2019, 407 -432.

AMA Style

Thalis P. V. Zis. Green Ports. Sustainable Shipping. 2019; ():407-432.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thalis P. V. Zis. 2019. "Green Ports." Sustainable Shipping , no. : 407-432.

Journal article
Published: 16 November 2018 in Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice
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Cold ironing is the process of providing shorepower to cover the energy demands of ships calling at ports. This technological solution can eliminate the emissions of auxiliary engines at berth, resulting in a global reduction of emissions if the grid powering the ships is an environmentally friendly energy source. This paper conducts a literature review of recent academic work in the field and presents the status of this technology worldwide and the current barriers for its further implementation. The use of cold ironing is mandatory in Californian ports for ship operators and as a result terminal and ship operators were required to invest in this technology. In Europe, all ports will be required to have cold ironing provision by the end of 2025. Other regulations that target local emissions such as Emission Control Areas can have a significant impact on whether cold ironing is used in the future as a potential compliance solution. This paper constructs a quantitative framework for the examination of the technology considering all stakeholders. The role of regulation is shown to be critical for the further adoption of this technology. Illustrative case studies are presented that consider the perspective of ship operators of various ship types, and terminal operators that opt to invest in shorepower facilities. The results of the case studies show that for medium and high fuel price scenarios there is economic motivation for ship operators to use cold ironing. For the port, the cost per abated ton of pollutants is much lower than current estimates of the external costs of pollutants. Therefore, shorepower may be a viable emissions reduction option for the maritime sector, provided that regulatory bodies assist the further adoption of the technology from ship operators and ports. The methodology can be useful to port and ship operators in examining the benefits of using cold ironing as an emissions reduction action.

ACS Style

Thalis P.V. Zis. Prospects of cold ironing as an emissions reduction option. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 2018, 119, 82 -95.

AMA Style

Thalis P.V. Zis. Prospects of cold ironing as an emissions reduction option. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 2018; 119 ():82-95.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thalis P.V. Zis. 2018. "Prospects of cold ironing as an emissions reduction option." Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 119, no. : 82-95.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2018 in Transport Policy
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As policy makers acknowledge the high degree of supply chain vulnerability and the impact of maritime emissions on coastal population health, there has been a consistent effort to strengthen maritime security and environmental regulations. In recent years, overdependence on deeper and wider multinational supply and production chains and lean-optimization has led to tightly integrated systems with little “slack” and high sensitivity to disruptions. This study considers the impact of Emission Control Areas and establishes a link between environmental and network resilience performance for maritime supply chains using operational cost and SOx emissions cost metrics. The proposed methodological framework analyzes various abatement options, disruption intensities, fuel pricing instances and regulatory strategies. The methodology utilizes a minimum cost flow assignment and an arc velocity optimization model for vessel speed to establish the payoff for various network states. Additionally, an attacker defender game is set up to identify optimal regulatory strategies under various disruption scenarios. The results are complemented by a sensitivity analysis on SOx emissions pricing, to better equip policy makers to manage environmental and resilience legislation. The methodology and findings provide a comprehensive analytic approach to optimize maritime supply chain performance beyond minimisation of operational costs, to also minimize exposure to costly supply chain disruptions.

ACS Style

Konstantinos Zavitsas; Thalis Zis; Michael G.H. Bell. The impact of flexible environmental policy on maritime supply chain resilience. Transport Policy 2018, 72, 116 -128.

AMA Style

Konstantinos Zavitsas, Thalis Zis, Michael G.H. Bell. The impact of flexible environmental policy on maritime supply chain resilience. Transport Policy. 2018; 72 ():116-128.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Konstantinos Zavitsas; Thalis Zis; Michael G.H. Bell. 2018. "The impact of flexible environmental policy on maritime supply chain resilience." Transport Policy 72, no. : 116-128.

Original articles
Published: 27 April 2018 in Maritime Policy & Management
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On 1 January 2015, the sulphur upper limit for marine fuels used within sulphur emission control areas was lowered from 1% to 0.1%, with which vessels can comply only through using pricier ultra-low-sulphur fuel, or investing in abatement technologies. A potential increase of fuel prices could lead to closures of services due to the combined effects of loss of market due to higher freight rates, and increased operational costs. This paper builds on previous work allowing the modelling of modal shifts between sea and land-based options, and assesses the potential of operational measures that ship-owners can deploy to cope with the threat of the low-sulphur requirements. The measures include speed reduction, change of service frequency, use of alternative fuels such as liquefied natural gas, investments in scrubber systems, and improved fleet assignment. The proposed measures are tested on a set of case studies for services that are part of a short sea shipping network of a leading Ro-Ro operator. The results of this work can be useful to practitioners seeking to design new strategies that improve the resilience of their network, as well as to regulatory bodies designing new regulation that could have negative implications on certain sectors.

ACS Style

Thalis Zis; Harilaos. N. Psaraftis. Operational measures to mitigate and reverse the potential modal shifts due to environmental legislation. Maritime Policy & Management 2018, 46, 117 -132.

AMA Style

Thalis Zis, Harilaos. N. Psaraftis. Operational measures to mitigate and reverse the potential modal shifts due to environmental legislation. Maritime Policy & Management. 2018; 46 (1):117-132.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thalis Zis; Harilaos. N. Psaraftis. 2018. "Operational measures to mitigate and reverse the potential modal shifts due to environmental legislation." Maritime Policy & Management 46, no. 1: 117-132.

Reference entry
Published: 24 January 2018 in Encyclopedia of Maritime and Offshore Engineering
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The environmental impacts of ports have seen increasing attention in recent years, from the academic community, regulatory bodies, and port authorities. The growth of maritime transport has led to the expansion of ports that now need to handle larger vessels—this has a severe impact on local air quality and the marine environment. This article reviews prominent environmental issues that port operations are responsible for and presents the most important regulations, technologies, and initiatives from port associations and authorities that seek to address the issue of pollutant emissions, ballast water treatment, and energy consumption. This article finishes off with suggestions for closer cooperation of regulators and port authorities in developing improved initiatives to reduce the negative effects of port operations.

ACS Style

Thalis P. V. Zis; Panagiotis A. Angeloudis; Khalid Bichou. Port Environmental Management. Encyclopedia of Maritime and Offshore Engineering 2018, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Thalis P. V. Zis, Panagiotis A. Angeloudis, Khalid Bichou. Port Environmental Management. Encyclopedia of Maritime and Offshore Engineering. 2018; ():1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thalis P. V. Zis; Panagiotis A. Angeloudis; Khalid Bichou. 2018. "Port Environmental Management." Encyclopedia of Maritime and Offshore Engineering , no. : 1-11.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2017 in Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
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ACS Style

Thalis Zis; Harilaos N. Psaraftis. The implications of the new sulphur limits on the European Ro-Ro sector. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 2017, 52, 185 -201.

AMA Style

Thalis Zis, Harilaos N. Psaraftis. The implications of the new sulphur limits on the European Ro-Ro sector. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 2017; 52 ():185-201.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thalis Zis; Harilaos N. Psaraftis. 2017. "The implications of the new sulphur limits on the European Ro-Ro sector." Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 52, no. : 185-201.

Research article
Published: 01 January 2016 in Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board
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As of January 2015, the new maximum limit of fuel sulfur content for ships sailing within emission control areas has been reduced to 0.1%. A critical decision for ship owners in advance of the new limits was the selection of an abatement method that complies with the regulations. Two main options exist: investing in scrubber systems that remove sulfur dioxide emissions from the exhaust and switching to low-sulfur fuel when sailing in regulated waters. The first option would involve significant capital costs, while the latter would lead to operating cost increases because of the higher price of the fuel used. This paper presents a literature review of emissions abatement options and relevant research in the field. A cost–benefit methodology to assess emission reduction investments from ship owners is also presented. A study examined the effects of recent drops in bunker fuel price to the payback period of a potential scrubber investment. The results show that lower prices would significantly delay the payback period of such investments, up to two times in some cases. The case studies present the emissions generation through each option for representative short sea shipping routes. The repercussions of low-sulfur policies on large emission reduction investments including cold ironing are examined, along with implications of slow steaming for their respective payback periods. Recommendations are made for research in anticipation of future regulations and technological improvements.

ACS Style

Thalis Zis; Panagiotis Angeloudis; Michael G. H. Bell; Harilaos Psaraftis. Payback Period for Emissions Abatement Alternatives: Role of Regulation and Fuel Prices. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2016, 2549, 37 -44.

AMA Style

Thalis Zis, Panagiotis Angeloudis, Michael G. H. Bell, Harilaos Psaraftis. Payback Period for Emissions Abatement Alternatives: Role of Regulation and Fuel Prices. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2016; 2549 (1):37-44.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thalis Zis; Panagiotis Angeloudis; Michael G. H. Bell; Harilaos Psaraftis. 2016. "Payback Period for Emissions Abatement Alternatives: Role of Regulation and Fuel Prices." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2549, no. 1: 37-44.

Chapter
Published: 12 May 2015 in Green Logistics and Transportation
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In recent years slow steaming has resurfaced as a fuel saving measure allowing ship owners to significantly cut operational costs. Reduced fuel consumption leads to lower levels of greenhouse gases and pollutant emissions. Port authorities have considered offering incentives to ship operators that significantly reduce sailing speed in the port proximity, as a means to improve local air quality. This chapter conducts a literature review on emissions modelling methodologies for maritime transport and develops a framework that allows the estimation of pollutant emissions under different sailing scenarios. The chapter presents existing regulations and port initiatives that aim to reduce maritime emissions. The merits of localised slow steaming near the calling port for various case studies including different ship size, trip distance, sailing speed and fuel policies in place are examined. An activity based methodology is used to estimate fuel consumption and emissions savings during lower sailing speed operation for machinery on-board. Fuel price and the value of time lost govern the extent to which slow steaming and local speed reductions can be effective. The economic and environmental trade-offs occurring at different sailing speeds are discussed from the perspective of both the ship operator and the port authority considering the implications of regulatory policies such as the expansion of Emission Control Areas (ECA). The chapter concludes with a set of guidelines to port authorities on designing attractive speed reduction programmes, and recommendations to shipping companies on improving fuel efficiency across their schedule when such programmes are available.

ACS Style

Thalis Zis; Panagiotis Angeloudis; Michael G. H. Bell. Economic and Environmental Trade-Offs in Water Transportation. Green Logistics and Transportation 2015, 159 -174.

AMA Style

Thalis Zis, Panagiotis Angeloudis, Michael G. H. Bell. Economic and Environmental Trade-Offs in Water Transportation. Green Logistics and Transportation. 2015; ():159-174.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thalis Zis; Panagiotis Angeloudis; Michael G. H. Bell. 2015. "Economic and Environmental Trade-Offs in Water Transportation." Green Logistics and Transportation , no. : 159-174.

Research article
Published: 01 January 2015 in Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board
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Maritime shipping is regarded as the most efficient mode of transport; however, its contribution to climate change through greenhouse gas emissions and the health issues related to shipping activity near residential centers cannot be neglected. In recent years, the efforts of regulators, ship operators, and port authorities have led to actions for ship emissions reduction to improve shipping's environmental performance. This work builds on an activity-based methodology that allows the estimation of emissions and examines environmental effects of slow steaming, fuel regulations, near-port speed-reduction schemes, and cold ironing. Pollutant emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and black carbon are modeled. A linear programming model minimizes fuel consumption through speed differentiation on a shipping line's routes based on fuel costs and binding regulations in each segment of the journey. Although the examined emissions-reduction actions may have a positive regional environmental effect by cutting emissions, it is possible that additional emissions are generated elsewhere because of increased sailing speeds beyond regulated areas. Trade-offs between pollutants are observed for reduction actions that may have a positive effect on some emission species but at the same time result in additional particulate matter and black carbon emissions. The presented framework allows key actors to conduct comprehensive studies and design improved emissions reduction actions with fewer negative impacts in other areas.

ACS Style

Thalis Zis; Robin J. North; Panagiotis Angeloudis; Washington Y. Ochieng; Michael Bell. Environmental Balance of Shipping Emissions Reduction Strategies. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2015, 2479, 25 -33.

AMA Style

Thalis Zis, Robin J. North, Panagiotis Angeloudis, Washington Y. Ochieng, Michael Bell. Environmental Balance of Shipping Emissions Reduction Strategies. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2015; 2479 (1):25-33.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thalis Zis; Robin J. North; Panagiotis Angeloudis; Washington Y. Ochieng; Michael Bell. 2015. "Environmental Balance of Shipping Emissions Reduction Strategies." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2479, no. 1: 25-33.