Myeloid sarcoma is a rare, solid extramedullary tumor originating from immature granulocytic cells or monocytes. Breast involvement without an aleukemic or myeloproliferative disorder is very infrequent. A 21-year-old female patient was admitted with bilateral palpable breast masses for four months. The patient had given birth approximately one year ago. The ultrasonographic examination revealed multiple, oval shaped-some of them with microlubulated margins-hypoechoic, solid masses of which, the largest mass measured 4.5 × 2.5 cm, evaluated as BI-RADS 4. The histopthological examination suggested hematolymphoid neoplasm. In the differential diagnosis of solid breast lesions, myeloid sarcoma should be kept in mind even without hematological findings. Early diagnosis of this tumor is important for the effectiveness of the medical treatment.

The coronary artery calcium (CAC) score is used in decision-making for preventive medications in patients with borderline clinical risk scores. Both absolute and percentile CAC scores can be used; however, a percentile CAC score is especially useful in young patients and women. The aim of this study is to present CAC score percentiles across age categories in women and men using a large database. Bilkent City Hospital database was screened for patients who underwent CAC score measurements between January 2021 and March 2022. Of the 4,487 patients, 546 were excluded due to 1) a history of coronary stent implantation or bypass surgery or 2) missing information regarding a history of revascularization or calcium scores. Therefore, the final study population included 3,941 participants. The percentiles for age categories within each sex were tabulated, and percentile plots were created for each sex using locally weighted scatterplot smoothing regression. The proportion of men included in the study was higher compared with that of women (57.09% vs. 42.91%). The mean age was 52.20 ± 11.11 years, and it was higher in women than in men (54.07 ± 10.47 vs. 50.80 ± 11.37, respectively; P < 0.001). A zero CAC score was observed in 2,381 (60.42%) patients; the percentage was higher in women than in men (68.60% vs. 54.27%; P < 0.001). When the cut-off value for the high-risk category was taken as the 75^th percentile, a non-zero CAC score directly assigned a patient into the high-risk category in women aged <55 years and men aged <45 years. Percentile plots were also provided for each sex. In this large-scale study, including patients referred for CAC scoring and/or coronary computed tomography angiography, CAC score percentiles were provided for women and men across the selected age categories which may be in therapeutic decision-making. As an approximate rule of thumb, a non-zero CAC score corresponds to the high-risk category in women aged <55 years and in men aged <45 years.

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between mammographic breast density and biochemical indices of calcium metabolism, as well as femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) in women aged 40-80 years. Material and Methods: In this retrospective, single-center study, 598 women undergoing screening mammography between November 2020 and March 2025 were included. After applying exclusion criteria, 200 age-matched women were randomly selected and evenly stratified into four BI-RADS breast composition categories (A, B, C, and D), 50 women in each. Serum vitamin D3, parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, and femoral neck t-scores were retrieved from institutional records and compared between these four categories. Results: Vitamin D3 levels (p=0.021) and femoral neck t-scores (p=0.041) were found to be significantly different between four categories. Post hoc analysis demonstrated significantly different vitamin D3 concentrations in the Category D compared with categories A (p=0.021), B (p=0.032), and C (p=0.048). Femoral neck t-scores progressively decreased in Category D compared to categories A (p=0.013), B (p=0.025), and C (p=0.041). No significant differences were observed for PTH (p=0.589) or serum calcium (p=0.441). Conclusion: Higher mammographic breast density was associated with lower vitamin D3 concentrations and reduced femoral neck BMD. Breast composition may serve as a readily available imaging biomarker to identify women at increased risk of vitamin D deficiency and osteoporosis, and has potential integration into individualized risk stratification strategies.

Background: Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) volume is usually measured with ECG-gated computed tomography (CT). Measurement of EAT thickness is a more convenient method; however, it is not clear whether EAT thickness measured with non-gated CT is reliable and at which localization it agrees best with the EAT volume. Purpose: To examine the agreement between ECG-gated EAT volume and non-gated EAT thickness measured from various localizations and to assess the predictive role of EAT thickness for high EAT volume. Material and Methods: EAT thickness was measured at six locations using non-contrast thorax CT and EAT volume was measured using ECG-gated cardiac CT (n = 68). The correlation and agreement (Bland–Altman plots) between the thicknesses and EAT volume were assessed. Results: EAT thicknesses were significantly correlated with EAT volume ( P < 0.001). The highest correlation (r = 0.860) and agreement were observed for the thickness adjacent to the right ventricular free wall. Also, EAT thickness at this location has a strong potential for discriminating high (>125 cm³) EAT volume (area under the ROC curve=0.889, 95% CI=0.801–0.977; P < 0.001). The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of EAT thickness for high EAT volume were 76.5%, 88.2%, 68.4%, and 91.8%, respectively, for the cutoff value of 5.75 cm; and 47.1%, 100%, 100%, and 85%, respectively, for the cutoff value of 8.10 cm. Conclusion: EAT thickness measured on non-gated chest CT adjacent to the right ventricular free wall is a reliable and easy-to-use alternative to the volumetric quantification and has a strong potential to predict high EAT volume.

Coronary artery calcium (CAC) is a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis. We aimed to assess to what extent risk factors and statin use modify the time to occurrence of CAC. The study population included 3484 patients who underwent CAC score measurements and CT angiography between January 2021 and March 2022. To assess to what extent risk factors and statin use modify the time to occurrence of CAC, a time difference for a 50% probability of having a non-zero CAC score between those with and without these factors was calculated. The mean age was 52.1 ± 10.9 years, and 43.1% of the population were women. Age was the most important factor for having non-zero CAC (z value 21.84, p-value <0.001). This is followed by male gender (Odds ratio [OR] and 95% CI 3.53 [2.96-4.21]; p < 0.001), and statin use (OR 3.09 [2.41-3.97], p < 0.001). A non-zero CAC develops on average 10.3 years earlier in men compared with women, and 9.1 years earlier in statin users compared with non-users. Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and smoking were also associated with earlier occurrence of CAC score, but to a lower extent. Apart from age, male gender and statin use are the major factors for the occurrence of CAC and are associated with CAC occurrence 9-10 years earlier.