Background & Aims: Liver transplantation (LT) is indicated for liver complications related to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection: acute liver failure (ALF), decompensated cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The present study aimed to describe and evaluate patient survival after LT for HBV‐related disease in France and identify the factors influencing survival. Methods: The present retrospective cohort study based on medical record information included all adult patients transplanted with positive HBsAg (+/− coinfection with Hepatitis D virus (HDV)) between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2023 in all French LT centres. Results: The study population consisted of 1083 patients, the majority of whom were men (81.5%) with a median [IQR] age at LT listing of 52.8 [42.5–59.8] years. Indications for LT were HBV‐related HCC (47.2%), HBV‐related cirrhosis (28.5%), HDV‐related cirrhosis (11.2%), HBV‐related ALF (10.5%), HDV‐related HCC (1.4%) and other (0.7%). Median [IQR] post‐LT follow‐up was 6.0 [2.2–11.1] years. Patient survival at 1, 5, 10 and 15 years after LT was 91.6%, 80.1%, 71.8% and 63.6% respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that independent significant prognostic factors were age at LT (HR: 1.030; 95CI: 1.019–1.042; p < 0.0001) and the pre‐LT nucleos(t)ides analogue (NUC) regimen: in comparison to tenofovir, the use of entecavir alone (HR: 1.735; 95CI: 1.312–2.295; p < 0.0001) or another NUC or combination therapy (HR: 1.471; 95CI: 1.059–2.043; p = 0.021) were associated with decreased survival. Conclusions: Survival after LT for HBV‐related liver disease is good. NUC type prior to LT seems to be associated with patient survival.