Fine-grained poisonous mushroom recognition in natural scenes is challenging because of complex backgrounds, subtle morphological differences, and the limited interpretability of model decisions. To address these challenges, this paper proposes Att-FiLM, an attention-enhanced multi-scale Feature-Wise Linear Modulation network for poisonous mushroom image recognition. The model adopts an asymmetric dual-backbone architecture in which a frozen ConvNeXt-Base branch provides global semantic priors, while a trainable EfficientNet-B0 branch learns local discriminative features. Rather than directly concatenating heterogeneous features, Att-FiLM generates scale and shift parameters from semantic features and performs channel-wise modulation on multi-scale EfficientNet features at Stage 2 and Stage 4. This mechanism enables global semantic information to guide local feature learning while reducing feature redundancy and semantic inconsistency. Experimental results show that Att-FiLM achieves an Accuracy of 95.58% and an F1-score of 0.9455 on the poisonous/edible binary classification task. On the 190-class species-level classification task, it achieves a Top-1 Accuracy of 93.63% and a Macro-F1 of 0.9347. Interpretability analysis further shows that decision-relevant responses are frequently associated with morphologically relevant regions, including gills, annuli, volvae, and cap textures. These results indicate that Att-FiLM provides effective recognition performance together with interpretable decision evidence for mushroom recognition in complex natural scenes.

Software vulnerability mining is important for improving software reliability and security. Compared with sequence-based models, graph neural networks (GNNs) can explicitly model program structures such as syntax, control flow, data flow, call relations, and dependency paths, and have therefore been widely studied for vulnerability detection, localization, explanation, and repair. This paper presents a PRISMA-informed structured topical review of 87 studies and addresses five research questions concerning program graph representation, homogeneous and heterogeneous GNN architectures, Graph–LLM integration, evaluation reliability, and future research directions. The reviewed evidence shows that graph-based methods are most effective when vulnerability mechanisms can be faithfully represented through explicit structural relations. However, their reported performance remains strongly affected by duplicated samples, random function-level splits, noisy labels, incomplete repository context, graph-construction errors, and weak explanation protocols. Homogeneous GNNs provide efficient structural message passing but may mix different semantic relations, whereas heterogeneous GNNs preserve relation types more explicitly at the cost of greater graph-quality and computational requirements. Graph–LLM systems can improve semantic reasoning, repository-level analysis, explanation generation, and repair support, but their benefits should be evaluated together with memory consumption, inference latency, deployment complexity, and verification cost. This review further proposes minimum requirements for reliable vulnerability benchmarks and verifiable explanations, and develops a strategic agenda covering leakage-resistant datasets, uncertainty-aware graph construction, repository-level evaluation, cost-effective Graph–LLM collaboration, and graph-guided autonomous vulnerability repair.