Introduction: It is known that there is a close relationship between safety culture and safety climate and safety performance. However, this relationship is somewhat unclear, due to different attitudes toward the safety culture and safety climate and the use of various tools for their evaluation, and various measures of safety performance. Methods: In this study, articles published in English from 2005 to 2017 were selected from various databases. Then, certain journals in the field of safety were specifically searched using the keywords “safety and safety performance”, “safety climate and safety performance”, “safety culture and safety performance”, “safety climate and safety outcome”, “safety culture and safety outcome”, “safety culture and injury and fatalities”, and “safety climate and injuries and fatalities”. Results: In the current paper, the role of safety culture and safety climate in improving safety performance was evaluated in 31 selected studies. It seems that reactive criteria and safety compliance is more consistent with safety climate and safety culture. Conclusions: The findings emphasized that increasing the level of safety climate and safety culture could be effective in reducing incidents and improving safety performance indicators.

Traumatic birth experience has undesirable effects on the life of the mother, child, family, and society. The identification of predictive factors can be useful in improving birth experiences among women. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of a traumatic birth experience and identify its predictors among a group primiparous women. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 64 health centres in Tabriz, the second largest city in Iran. Cluster sampling was used to recruit 800 eligible women at one to 4 months postpartum. The Persian version of the Childbirth Experience Questionnaire was used to measure the womens’ birth experiences. Data were collected through face to face interviews and analysed mainly by multivariable logistic regression. The prevalence of traumatic birth experience was 37% in the study group. The independent predictors of the traumatic birth experience were related to antenatal and intrapartum factors. The antenatal predictor was the lack of exercise during pregnancy (OR = 2.81, CI 1.40–5.63, P = .003) and the intrapartum predictors were the absence of pain relief during labour and birth (OR = 4.24, CI 2.12–8.50, P < .001), and the fear of childbirth (OR = 3.47, CI 1.68–7.19, P < .001). The findings revealed the high rate of traumatic birth experience among the primimarous women and identified the importance of a woman-centered care where a woman can actively make decision about the care she receives receive during labour and birth.

Nursing, a scientific and practical discipline, faces continuing challenges of finding new direction in order to decipher its core values and develop current ethical codes for nursing practice. In 2009–10, 28 nurses were purposely selected and interviewed using a semi-structured format in focus groups and individually. Thematic Content Analysis helped explore the perception of Iranian nurses on ethical values in patient care. Seven major themes emerged: respect for dignity, professional integrity, professional commitment, developing human relationships, justice, honesty, and promoting individuals and the nursing profession. Iranian nurses revealed a unique and culture-based set of ethical values. This study found that Iranian nurses place a greater emphasis on preserving the dignity of those accompanying the patient and in showing regard for patients' religious beliefs in a gender appropriate environment.