Food waste is a growing problem for the food industry, leading to an increase of pollution and economic problems. Fruits and vegetables are very rich in bioactive compounds having many benefits for humans. These biocompounds can be found not only in the fruit/vegetable itself but also in its wastes, after processing. Nonetheless, the conventional extraction methods are highly problematic, due to solvent consumption, long extraction time, and low extraction yields, making it necessary to develop new extraction techniques. In this review, we aim to review the most recent literature on the extraction of bioactive compounds from fruit peels and seeds, using sub/supercritical fluids, ultrasound, and enzymes.

Starch modification arises from the need to obtain starches with the desirable properties, being the physical modification techniques preferred over the chemical ones. Pulsed electric fields (PEF) can improve starch extraction and alter starch properties by decreasing the relative crystallinity, gelatinization temperatures and enthalpies, viscosity and pasting temperature. The lamellar repeating distance can be altered depending on the starch botanical origin. PEF can alter the digestible starch content, while maintaining the resistant one. Future research of the amylopectin structure may provide reasoning for these variations in starch digestibility behavior. The in-vitro human simulated digestion points to a decrease in digestibility.