Introduction: Tirzepatide, a dual glucose‐dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and glucagon‐like Peptide 1 (GLP‐1) analogue, is a novel medication with comparable pharmacological characteristics and has demonstrated promising weight reduction outcomes in its antidiabetic trials following the approval of liraglutide and semaglutide for long‐term weight control. Nonetheless, this efficacy has not been fully explored, so this meta‐analysis was aimed to measure the weight loss efficacy and safety of tirzepatide in adults with overweight or obesity. Methods: We searched the PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases for RCTs of once‐weekly tirzepatide vs. placebo or GLP‐1 receptor agonists. We included studies involving adult participants who were overweight or obese despite T2DM or OHA use, with a trial duration of at least 20 weeks. The primary outcomes accounted for the mean difference in weight from baseline in the three doses of tirzepatide compared to placebo and GLP‐1 receptor agonists, separately. The secondary outcomes included safety profiles and achievement of categorical weight loss of 5%, 10% and 15%. We performed the statistical analysis on RevMan 5.4, GRADE assessment using GRADEpro GDT and the quality of the included studies assessed using the Cochrane risk‐of‐bias (Version 2) tool. Results: We identified six RCTs in which the data of 6266 subjects were analysed. Once‐weekly doses (5, 10 and 15 mg) of tirzepatide were more effective than placebo and GLP‐1 RAs. Also, the proportion of patients achieving categorical weight loss goals was higher in the tirzepatide groups than in others. GRADE assessment also indicated high‐certainty evidence for ≥ 15% weight loss with tirzepatide and moderate‐to‐low certainty for lower thresholds. Gastrointestinal side effects appeared similar between the three doses of tirzepatide and GLP‐1 RAs, but they were significantly higher than placebo might impact tolerability for certain patients. Conclusion: A dose‐dependent tirzepatide was superior to placebo and GLP‐1 RAs in weight reduction. However, the lean mass reduction and tolerability require further investigation. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04255433

Background and Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic affects various populations worldwide. The discovery of vaccinations was necessary for the prevention and elimination of the disease. Despite the high importance of these vaccinations, they may cause some complications, such as ocular complications. This study aims to draw attention to the possible complications of the vaccination and highlight its importance. Materials and Methods: Systematic review of the literature from January 2021 to January 2023. A total of 20 published articles were included and reported cases of ocular complications in patients who received COVID-19 vaccines. Results: A total of 243 patients with verified ocular complications following the COVID-19 vaccination were included, ranging in age from 18 to 84 years. The most common ocular complications reported in the current study were ocular inflammatory complications, which represented 47.3%, followed by optic neuritis (24.3%). Retinal artery occlusion, retinal vein occlusion, acute macular neuroretinopathy, and paracentral acute middle maculopathy represented 10.7%. Herpetic ocular infections and herpetic eye disease (14%). Nearly half (42%) of the patients with ocular problems received the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccination. Conclusions: Despite the high importance of the COVID-19 vaccination, it was found that it is associated with the occurrence of some ocular complications. Future projects should come with more extensive prospective studies to further elucidate the underlying mechanisms and risk factors associated with ocular complications following COVID-19 vaccination, thereby enhancing our understanding and guiding appropriate management strategies.

Background and objective: Antibiotics (Abs) are a class of medication generally prescribed for bacterial infections. Abs misuse, caused by either medication non-compliance or self-medication, may lead to Abs resistance, a problem that is trending around the globe. In 2018, dispensing Abs without a prescription became prohibited in Saudi Arabia. This study aimed to evaluate knowledge and attitude toward Abs use and resistance in Jazan Province. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the population of Jazan, using a self-administered electronic questionnaire to assess the knowledge and attitude toward Abs use and resistance and its related factors. Results: According to our findings, 543 participants responded and most of the participants use Abs with a prescription (n = 280; 75%). About 40% identified correctly that Abs can treat only bacteria, not viruses, and 44% denied that Abs can treat all coughs and common cases. Then, regarding the knowledge about resistance, we found that those who had heard about Abs resistance represented more than half of the participants (56%), and had better knowledge about Abs use. Further, more than half of those who have heard about Abs resistance correctly defined the antibiotic susceptibility test, and about two-thirds were able to answer the related questions about Abs resistance. Conclusion: To conclude, a positive correlation was found between knowledge about Abs resistance and Abs use. Thus, national Abs regulations and policies with continuous education and awareness must be continued to ensure a better understanding of Abs use.

Objective: Semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA), has beneficial effects when incorporated into basal insulin therapy. Despite mounting evidence from diverse geographical regions supporting its efficacy in more intricate insulin regimens for patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), real-world data from our region remains scarce. This study aims to assess the impact of adding Semaglutide to the basal-bolus or mixed insulin therapy over a 12-month period on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), weight, and total daily dose (TDD) of insulin. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted at a military medical center in Riyadh from January 2021 to September 2022. The study included all adult patients with T2DM who experienced clinical benefit from the addition of Semaglutide to basal-bolus or mixed insulin therapy during this timeframe. Measurements of HbA1c, weight, and TDD were obtained at baseline, 3, 6, and 9 months. Descriptive statistics and one-way ANOVA tests were utilized for statistical analysis. Results: The study cohort comprised 152 patients, of whom 105 (69.1%) were female, with a mean age of 57.7+11.4 years. There was a significant reduction in mean HbA1c levels from 9.32 at baseline to 8.62, 8.28, and 8.36 at three, six, and nine months, respectively (p-value 0.005). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the addition of Semaglutide to the current treatment regimen of patients with T2DM leads to improvements in HbA1c levels, accompanied by observed reductions in weight over nine months in individuals utilizing basal-bolus or mixed insulin therapy. Further studies with extended follow-up periods are warranted to validate these findings.