Memantine (MEM) has been used to treat patients with Alzheimer’ disease though inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS), Ca²⁺ entry and glutamate receptor. The Ca²⁺ permeable TRPA1, TRPM2 and TRPV1 channels are activated in the hippocampus by ROS, and antioxidant MEM as a potent TRPA1, TRPM2 and TRPV1 channel antagonist may reduce Aβ-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in the neurons. In the current study, we investigated the neuroprotective properties of MEM in Aβ-induced hippocampal neuron cultures. Freshly isolated hippocampal neurons of mice were divided into eight groups as control, Aβ, Hcy, MEM, Aβ + Hcy, Aβ + Hcy + MEM, Aβ + MEM and Hcy + MEM. The neurons were exposed to incubated with Aβ (20 µM for 24 h), Hcy (250 µM for 30 min) and MEM (10 µM for 24 h). TRPA1, TRPM2 and TRPV1 of the eight groups were further stimulated by cinnamaldehyde, cumene hydyroperoxide and capsaicin, respectively although they were further inhibited by AP-18, N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl) anthranilic acid (ACA) and capsazepine (CPZ). The [Ca²⁺] concentration, apoptosis, caspase 3, caspase 9 activations, mitochondrial membrane depolarization and intracellular ROS production values in the neurons were higher in Aβ and Hcy groups than in control although they were lower in the MEM group than in Aβ and Hcy groups. The values were further decreased by MEM + AP-18, MEM + CPZ and MEM + ACA treatments as compared to MEM only. Aβ and Hcy-induced decrease of cell viability level was increased by MEM treatment although Aβ and Hcy-induced increase of caspase 3, caspase 9, PARP1, TRPA1, TRPM2 and TRPV1 expression levels were decreased by MEM treatments. In conclusion, TRPA1, TRPM2 and TRPV1 channels are involved in Aβ and Hcy-induced neuronal death, and modulation of the activity of these channels by MEM treatment may account for their neuroprotective activity against apoptosis, excessive ROS production, and Ca²⁺ entry. Summary of pathways on the effect of homocysteine ​​and memantine on TRPA1, TRPM2, TRPV1 channels in Alzheimer's disease model. Homocysteine (Hcy) ​​indirectly causes activation of TRP channels, resulting in an increase in cytosolic Ca²⁺ and thus overproduction of reactive oxygen species from mitochondria. This causes nucleus damage in nerve cells and increases cell death. Memantine (MEM) and other channel inhibitors by inhibiting the stimulator effect of homocysteine ​​on these channels, plays a role in inhibiting nerve cell death.

The role of selenium in bevacizumab induced cardiotoxicity

Sağlık turizmi, turizm alanında katma değeri en yüksek türlerden biridir ve gün geçtikçe artan bir ilgi görmektedir. İnternet teknolojilerinin yaygınlaşması, sağlık turistlerinin anında güncel tedavi hizmetleri hakkında bilgi sahibi olmalarını sağlamıştır. Dijital pazarlama hizmetleri sağlık turizmi yetki belgesine sahip kurumlar için önemli bir tanıtım ve markalaşma aracı olmuştur. Bu çalışma dijital pazarlama alanında sağlık turizmi işletmelerine yönelik bir incelemedir. Çalışma Antalya ilinde bulunan, sağlık turizmi yetki belgesi olan 10 Özel Ağız ve Diş Sağlığı Polikliniğini kapsamaktadır. Seçilen sağlık işletmelerinin web sayfaları ve sosyal medya hesapları (Facebook, YouTube, Instagram) üzerinden içerik analizi yapılarak, Dijital pazarlamanın etkisi değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırmada, literatür taraması ve içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Yapılan araştırma kapsamında dijital pazarlama araçlarının, sağlık tesisleri üzerinde etkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Sosyal medya araçlarını aktif kullanan sağlık tesislerinin, hastaların geri bildirimleri, hasta memnuniyet yorumları, videoları, güncel içerik üretimi gibi alanlardaki paylaşımları da dijital pazarlama araçlarının etkin kullanımının önemini göstermektedir.

Objective: The TUBITAK Nature and Science School Project aimed to train teachers in schools connected with National Education in the Isparta province to raise awareness of smoking and its harm. Material and Method: Two hundred and thirty-one teachers (112 (48.48%) men and 119 (51.52%) women) participated in the training. A pre-test and post-test control group-free experimental study design was applied to measure training effectiveness during the Respiratory School project. At the end of the training, participants were asked to write their positive and negative feedback about the project using the so-called critical events technique. The questionnaire included information on satisfaction with education and trainers, demographic characteristics and thoughts about smoking, and the effect of education. A total of 196 participants completed the questionnaire. Results: Most participants were women (52.9%) aged 36 to 45 (46.2%). Most of the participants had teaching experience between 16 and 25 years. There was a significant improvement in correct answers between the pre-test and the post-test on all training days (p < 0.001). The Cronbach's alpha was 0.904, and the average response to training questions was 4.68. The reliability of our findings is underscored by a Cronbach alpha value of 0.969, with a mean expression score of 4.77, highlighting the reliability of the participants' responses. Approximately 26% of the participants (n=44) reported smoking. However, the incidence of smoking among family members of the participants was markedly higher, 47.9% (n=79). Similarly, the proportion of participants who had a spouse smoking was noteworthy (31.4%; n=48). had attempted to quit smoking at some point, but only three participants (5.8%) sought help in their quitting efforts. Of the participants, 75% (n=33) acknowledged that they had quit smoking but later resumed. Conclusion: The teachers who participated in the training found it helpful and increased targeted awareness.