Oropouche virus (OROV), a significant arbovirus transmitted by Culicoides paraensis midges, poses a growing public health threat in Latin America. Recent outbreaks in Brazil, Peru, and other Amazonian regions have increased the virus’s visibility, but significant gaps remain in understanding its transmission, pathogenesis, and management. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and critical synthesis of current knowledge on OROV, focusing on its epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic challenges, and management strategies. Despite its increasing impact, OROV remains underrecognized in the global public health landscape. Key areas for future research, including vaccine development, antiviral treatments, and vector control, are discussed. Additionally, we explore novel findings, such as the role of non-human reservoirs and the emerging potential of OROV reassortant strains.