The objective of this overview was to identify and evaluate the effectiveness of sex education interventions aimed at reducing sexual risk behaviors in adolescents. A search was conducted of systematic reviews in English, Spanish and Portuguese from 1946 until July 2018 in the following databases: MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE, Scopus, PsyArticles, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, LILACS and additional resources. The extraction and analysis of data was synthesized in a narrative mode describing intervention, population, and key outcomes such as decreased risky sexual behavior, decreases in sexually transmitted infections, and adolescent pregnancy. There were 2289 potentially relevant studies, of which 31 systematic reviews related to adolescent interventions were included. It was demonstrated that interventions involve parents and the community as participants, are based on audiovisual media and school workshops, and their emphasis is on information and training in school. Different reviews framed in methods of psychosocial intervention based on community groups and the home as a fundamental axis were reported. Finally, a large amount of scientific evidence related to the subject was identified. New directions are presented for interventions in sexual education for adolescents based on the combination of actions and techniques, the implementation of digital technology, and socio-cultural and contextual adaptations.

Introducción. Los conflictos armados dejan consecuencias evidentes en la salud mental de la población infantil y adolescente. En ese marco, se ha documentado una serie de situaciones que tienen como factor común la vulnerabilidad de esta población y las afectaciones biopsicosociales significativas.Objetivo. Determinar y sintetizar las diferentes consecuencias de los conflictos armados en la salud mental de la población infantil y adolescente.Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática exhaustiva de revisiones bibliográficas hasta julio de 2019 en las bases de datos MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, LILACS y otras. Se seleccionaron los artículos y se analizaron de forma narrativa sus características, objetivos y consecuencias en salud mental en tres momentos: antes del conflicto, durante el conflicto y en el posconflicto.Resultados. De un total de 587 artículos potencialmente relevantes, se seleccionaron 72. En los estudios sobre el periodo anterior al conflicto, se detallaron experiencias psicológicas y síntomas somáticos anticipatorios. Durante el conflicto, se evidenciaron síntomas regresivos, conductuales y cognitivos, como enuresis, miedo, tristeza, agresión, hiperactividad e inatención, entre otros. Además, se establecieron consecuencias directas, como trastornos de adaptación, depresión, ansiedad y, en mayor medida, estrés postraumático. Por último, en el posconflicto, se recopiló la información sobre los procesos de transmisión de las consecuencias y la resiliencia. Por otro lado, se profundizó en las consecuencias potenciales en el desarrollo biopsicosocial, la moralidad, la identidad, el contexto, la cultura, la educación y la sociedad.Conclusiones. Las consecuencias de los conflictos armados en la salud mental se inscriben en un proceso complejo que se expresa en función de la etapa evolutiva de la exposición, del tiempo del conflicto armado y de los factores contextuales.

Vitamin B12 (B12) is a molecule involved in several biological. Abnormally high levels are frequently found, but their causes can be multiple, and consequences have not been clearly elucidated. The objective of this review was to summarize the current evidence on the associations of elevated B12 and the development of cancer, and all-cause mortality in adults. Six references looking at mortality and seven looking at cancer risk were included. The evidence suggests an association between elevated B12 with a higher risk of cancer, with risk ratios ranging 1,88 to 5,9. There was less consistent evidence linking vitamin B12 and mortality.

In recent years, and especially due to COVID-19, a large number of telehealth interventions have been implemented. The large amount of information requires a differential analysis with an emphasis on rurality and the practice of parents/caregivers in the care and attention of children. The objectives of this study were to synthesize the available evidence on telehealth interventions aimed at parents and caregivers of children living in rural settings, and to identify relevant methodological aspects that are considered in such interventions. A systematic review was conducted in the Medline (Ovid), Embase, Scopus, APA—PSYCNET, Web of Science and LILACS databases. Studies published between 2000 and 2020 were considered. A narrative synthesis of the main results of the studies was performed, including basic characteristics, details of the interventions, and the main outcome measures. The quality of the studies included was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tools. A total of 596 potential studies were identified, of which only nine were included. Quality assessment was consistent in all nine studies. Parents and caregivers of children with speech and language impairment, motor impairment or problems in performing activities of daily living, with behavior problems, and with autism spectrum disorder were the main populations groups benefiting from the interventions. Telehealth interventions were implemented by means of online sessions, pre-recorded sessions and self-learning modules, among others. Results, although variable, evidence positive outcomes regarding the development of multiple skills in children, their parents and family members, as well as the opportunity to provide timely access to health services. Finally, Telehealth is increasingly becoming a useful tool to provide counsel and knowledge to parents and caregivers living in rural areas that will enable them to properly manage health problems.

Summary: Health Literacy (HL) is the degree to which an individual has the ability to find, understand and use information and services to inform health-related decisions and actions. These decisions and actions take place mainly in hospitals, so in this setting, HL has a higher impact on the health status and prognosis of patients. The objective of this study was to identify HL interventions implemented in the hospital care setting and describe the characteristics of their implementation, as well as their impact on health outcomes and care processes of these patients. An overview of systematic reviews published from 2015 to 2020 in MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Database (Ovid), PsyArticles, LILACS (Bvs) and Epistemonikos was conducted. The synthesis of the results was carried out narratively and the methodological quality of the reviews was evaluated using the AMSTAR II tool. A total of 16 reviews were included for full analysis, of which 68.5% were assessed as having high or moderate quality. HL interventions were based on single or multifaceted strategies, including the use of brochures, visual aids, digital tools, multimedia resources (videos) and group and personalized counseling sessions. Despite the high heterogeneity of data, HL interventions seem to have a positive impact on improving health-related knowledge levels and some health-related behaviors and attitudes. In conclusion, it was evidenced that HL interventions implemented in the hospital setting are widely varied. These interventions can be used to improve health-related knowledge levels and promote health-related behavioral changes in inpatients. However, it is necessary to standardize the reporting of both the characteristics and outcomes of these interventions to favor their replicability.

Introduction. Armed conflicts (AC) in the world are still active and lead to the growth of violence, with a possible impact on mental health (MH). Objective. to identify and synthesize the different consequences of AC on MH in the adult population in an overview of the literature. Methods. Systematic search for reviews until May 2020 in MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, LILACS and additional resources. The results were analyzing narratively, describing the characteristics of the studies, participants, and consequences in the MH. An analysis was made based on the year range of reviews' publication identified. Results. Fifty-nine studies were included. The most representative populations were survivors, victims, and refugees. In general, among the symptoms predominant in relation to traumatic stress, anxiety, and depression were found fear, insecurity, panic, re-experimentation, sadness, anger, and violent behavior. Additionally, results were identified regarding vulnerable groups such as women, refugees, and combatants. Finally, other consequences linked with physical, social, cultural, occupational, and economic dimensions were detailed. Conclusions: There are multiple consequences of AC in adult MH referent to depression and traumatic stress, with some kind clinical manifestations like dissociative, emotional instability, hostility, and cognitive impairment.