The black soil layer has undergone substantial degradation in Northeast China, and it is crucial to adopt reasonable tillage measures to prevent black soil degradation. Organic amendment strategies provide an effective solution for mitigating nutrient loss in black soil; meanwhile, there is still a lack of systematic investigation into their impact on soil microbial communities. Thus, we carried out a five-year field experiment from 2020 to 2025 in Jilin Province. Four organic amendment strategies were set up: conventional tillage (CT); straw returning (SR); straw returning + inorganic fertilizer (SRI); and straw returning + inorganic fertilizer + organic fertilizer (SRIO). Furthermore, we investigated the effects of organic materials on soil properties and microbial communities during the maize seedling stage. The results showed that SR significantly increased the relative abundance of Bradyrhizobium, Tausonia and Coprinopsis, while SRI led to a 140.3% increase in Nocardioides. In SRIO treatment, Gaiella and Fusarium were significantly enriched by 103.9% and 142.5%, respectively. Moreover, SR treatment significantly decreased the fungal Shannon and Simpson index by 18.8% and 4.2%, respectively. Organic matter, alkali nitrogen, and available potassium were the primary environmental factors shaping both bacterial and fungal community structures. Additionally, the co-occurrence network suggested that straw returning promoted more diverse interactions among soil bacterial and fungal communities. Our study highlights the potential of organic amendment strategies in enhancing black soil nutrients, as well as their important role in maintaining soil microbial function and stability.