Unlike radio-frequency (RF) systems, including Wi-Fi and cellular networks, which encounter interference, bandwidth limitations, network congestion, and security vulnerabilities, Vehicular Visible Light Communication (V-VLC) offers a compelling alternative as a communication medium. Its unlicensed spectrum, extensive bandwidth, energy efficiency, and existing transmitters render it a promising option for vehicular communication in the context of Intelligent Transportation Systems. By integrating V-VLC with traditional RF communication systems, a vast ecosystem of interconnected vehicles can be realised, thereby enhancing safety and efficiency for future fleets of (autonomous) vehicles. Despite successful integration of VLC in indoor environments, further investigation is required for outdoor applications. This study examines current channel modelling approaches for V-VLC within the framework of Intelligent Transportation Systems. Through a review of the literature within the period between 2013 and 2024 the advancements of V-VLC as a valuable addition to vehicular networks, with a specific emphasis on photometric aspects of the optical channel models, are assessed.

Light electric vehicles within the L category are expected to play a significant role in promoting sustainable urban transport, advantageous for both society and the environment. The batteries in these vehicles are well suited for swapping, necessitating appropriate standards. This paper outlines the European Stan4SWAP project, which analyzed the standardization and regulation framework relevant to this application, and drafted the standardization roadmap which highlights development needs on short, medium and long term.

Light electric vehicles within the L category are expected to play a significant role in promoting sustainable urban transport, advantageous for both society and the environment. The batteries in these vehicles are well-suited for swapping, necessitating appropriate standards. This paper outlines the European Stan4SWAP project, which analyzed the standardization and regulation framework relevant to this application, and drafted the standardization roadmap which highlights development needs on short, medium and long term. This paper was originally presented on the EVS38 in Gothenburg [1] and has been expanded to include the outcomes of the project.

Standardisation bodies including the CIE and IESNA propose several test distances for far-field photometry based on the applicability of the inverse square law. Depending on the beam width, luminaire size and configuration, various guidelines regarding the minimal test distance are proposed. Recent literature suggests some norms are overoptimistic and larger far-field distances are required. Furthermore, the proposed test distances are only based on observations along the optical axis, whereas a strong angular variation of the limiting photometric distance was recently demonstrated. Therefore, this work presents a comparison between the regulations and the observations made in recent literature, assessing the application region of the standardised test distances as a function of the luminaire characteristics and the location of the measurement equipment.

Daytime Running Lamps (DRLs) are a crucial feature in vehicle design by enhancing vehicle visibility. Accordingto ECE R48 regulations, current European standards require two DRLs to be installed at a minimum distance of600 mm apart. However, advancements in light source technology and material science currently allow for moreinnovative designs, such as a single continuous DRL spanning the front of a vehicle. This layout raises importantquestions about the safety implications of single DRL configurations compared with the traditional dual DRL setup.This study compares the performance of no DRL, single DRL and dual DRL configurations. Psychophysical testswith participants are performed in a real environment. Participants completed a vehicle detection and a left turncritical gap judgment task across two different speed scenarios (50 km/h and 90 km/h). The results show that singleand dual DRLs perform similarly in left turn critical gap and vehicle detection analyzes. Thus, single DRLs, whenmatched in luminous intensity, provide road safety related performance comparable to dual DRLs and can therefore beconsidered a optional alternative within the current regulatory context. When comparing the no DRL condition withthe DRL installed condition, the vehicle detection analysis results showed that participants detected vehicles at longerdistances under the (single or dual) DRL conditions, indicating that DRLs enhance vehicle visibility. Meanwhile, olderparticipants tended to choose longer left turn critical gaps than younger drivers, indicating more cautious behavior,while participants overall accepted larger left turn critical gaps at higher vehicle speeds in response to greater perceivedtraffic risk and uncertainty.