Background/Objectives: Prostate biopsy is essential for diagnosing prostate cancer. Social determinants of health (SDOH), including socioeconomic status, race, occupation, education, and environment, affect access, outcomes, and quality of life. Recognizing disparities from technology access to complications is crucial for equitable care. A systematic review examined how SDOH impacts biopsy access, technology, and complications. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus was performed to identify eligible studies published through February 2026. We included studies that evaluated the association between one or more SDOHs and prostate biopsy. Relevant outcomes included biopsy utilization, use of specific biopsy technologies (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided, transperineal), and post-procedural complications. Results: Nine observational studies met the inclusion criteria. The findings revealed disparities across three key domains. First, access to advanced biopsy technology was uneven. Four studies showed that Black men were significantly less likely than White men to receive MRI-guided biopsies. Additionally, post-biopsy outcomes showed that Black and Hispanic men faced significantly higher rates of post-biopsy infection and hospitalization compared to White men. Lastly, patients in rural areas, those in public hospitals, and individuals with lower socioeconomic status demonstrated reduced access to modern techniques, including MRI-guided or transperineal biopsy. Conclusions: Social and economic factors influence who receives a prostate biopsy and who has access to advanced technologies. Minority and low-income patients face diagnosis barriers and higher complication rates, highlighting systemic inequities. The healthcare system often rewards access over need, and without bold policy changes, gaps in technology and resources will worsen, moving us further from truly equitable prostate cancer care.

Rationale: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a parasitic disease with high mortality if untreated. Its association with secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is rare but life-threatening, posing diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Patient concerns: An 11-month-old female presented with fever, abdominal distension, and pancytopenia. Diagnoses: Bone marrow examination confirmed VL, and laboratory findings indicated secondary HLH. Interventions: Initial treatment with sodium stibogluconate and liposomal amphotericin B was unsuccessful. Following a multidisciplinary review, miltefosine was initiated alongside repeat doses of liposomal amphotericin B. Outcomes: The combination therapy resulted in rapid clinical and hematologic improvement. Lessons: This case highlights the importance of early recognition of HLH in VL, the role of multidisciplinary management, and the potential efficacy of combination therapy in refractory pediatric cases, particularly in resource-limited settings.

Background Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is a noninvasive method for decreasing fat without surgery. It functions by breaking down fat cells, resulting in a noticeable reduction in body circumference. This study aimed to assess the effects of LLLT in reducing body circumferences. Methods A search of four databases (Web of Science, SCOPUS, PubMed, and Cochrane Library) up to September 30, 2025, identified three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that met the inclusion criteria, in which the outcome was the reduction in body circumferences measured by tape. Quality assessment was done using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB2). Results The trials included 160 participants and found that LLLT significantly lowered waist circumference by 2.48 cm compared with 0.635 cm in controls. Follow-up assessments performed 2 weeks post-intervention in two studies confirmed sustained improvements. Moreover, in two studies, hip circumference decreased by 4.09 cm versus 0.86 cm in controls, an effects size of -2.2 cm (mean difference = 2.7 cm). Effect size on waist circumference was − 1.9 cm indicating an average decrease in measurement by1.9 cm (mean difference = 2.5 cm). Reduction was also observed in the abdomen and thigh circumferences. Effect sizes across the RCTs ranged from − 0.4 cm to -8.7 cm (P < 0.05). Conclusion LLLT promises to achieve localized fat reduction with minimal adverse effects and high patient satisfaction. However, varying treatment protocols and follow-up durations make it challenging to determine optimal parameters and long-term efficacy. Registration number CRD42025645438. 19 September 2025.