Background/Objectives: Multiple chronic conditions (MCCs) pose global health and social challenges, with caregiving often relying on family members, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, limited evidence exists regarding the factors influencing caregiver contribution (CC) to patient self-care among older adults with MCCs in these settings. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the associations between caregivers’ and patients’ socio-demographic characteristics and patients’ clinical variables and the CC to patient self-care behaviors in adults with MCCs in an LMIC context. Methods: This multicenter, cross-sectional study included patient–caregiver dyads recruited from outpatient and community settings across Albania, between August 2020 and April 2021. CC was assessed using the Caregiver Contribution to Self-Care of Chronic Illness Inventory scale (CC-SCCII). Three multivariable linear regression models were used to explore associations with the three dimensions of CC to self-care maintenance, monitoring, and management. Results: Caregivers were mostly female, children, or spouses with a high level of education and employed. Patients were primarily female and had low education. Hypertension and diabetes were the most prevalent. Older and employed caregivers contributed less to CC to self-care maintenance, while higher education and caregiving experience increased it. Living with the patient and being a spouse reduced CC to self-care monitoring, whereas more caregiving hours and experience improved it. CC to self-care management was negatively influenced by cohabitation, presence of a second caregiver, and being a spouse, but improved with more caregiving hours. Conclusions: Socio-demographic and caregiving factors differently influence CC to self-care dimensions in older adults with MCCs in an LMIC. Tailored caregiver support programs are essential to enhance caregiver involvement and improve MCC patient outcomes in LMICs.

Objective: This review will evaluate the psychometric properties of the 3 versions of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-25, CD-RISC-10, and CD-RISC-2) and identify the most appropriate version for specific contexts, following the COSMIN methodology. Introduction: Resilience, the capacity to adapt positively to stress and adversity, is a key protective factor in health and psychological outcomes. The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) is widely used and internationally recognized; however, evidence regarding its psychometric robustness is inconsistent. Discrepancies in factor structure, reliability, and validity across populations highlight the need for a systematic and methodologically rigorous evaluation of the instrument. Eligibility criteria: This review will include studies assessing the psychometric properties of the CD-RISC-25, CD-RISC-10, or CD-RISC-2 in adult populations (≥18 years), across any setting or geographic context. Translated and culturally adapted versions will be considered if the adaptation follows structured procedures. Studies that use the CD-RISC solely as an outcome measure, employ unvalidated versions, or use it exclusively as a comparator will be excluded. Methods: A comprehensive search will be conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL (EBSCOhost), Embase, and PsycINFO (EBSCOhost), covering studies from 2003 to the present, with no language restrictions. Records will be managed systematically, with independent and blind screening, data extraction, and appraisal by multiple reviewers. Data will be synthesized qualitatively, with evidence on psychometric properties summarized and evaluated, and the overall certainty of evidence graded. Review registration: PROSPERO CRD42025626465