Honeybee (Apis mellifera) health is governed by the integrated action of detoxification, immunity, and microbiota within complex environmental contexts. The coordinated detoxification system (DETOXome), primarily active in the midgut, fat body, and Malpighian tubules, includes cytochrome P450s, glutathione S transferases, carboxylesterases, and ABC transporters, and functions in concert with innate immune pathways such as Toll, Imd, Jak/STAT, JNK, antimicrobial peptides, and RNA interference. Cellular maintenance mechanisms, including heat shock proteins, proteostasis, and antioxidant defenses, support these systems under chemical, thermal, and pathogen-induced stress. Multi-stressor exposures encompassing pesticides, pathogens, nutritional limitations, and climate variations interact to affect physiological resilience, behavior, and colony function. This review synthesizes molecular, organ-specific, and colony-level evidence to provide a mechanistic framework connecting environmental stressors to detoxification and immune responses. Predictive markers derived from transcriptomic, proteomic, and microbiome analyses offer early detection of sublethal stress, while genomic and selective breeding strategies hold the potential to enhance honeybee resilience. By integrating stress pathways across biological scales, this review advances a unified model of honeybee health that moves beyond descriptive lists to highlight cross-system interactions driving colony survival.

The growing global demand for ethical, resource-efficient protein sources has renewed serious interest in cultured meat as a viable alternative to conventional livestock production. Two revolutionary biotechnological systems, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) reprogramming and CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing, when combined, offer unparalleled accuracy and scalability for the biofabrication of avian flesh. In this review, we present a comprehensive pipeline that involves the ectopic expression of Yamanaka factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc) to reprogram primary somatic cells derived from Gallus gallus into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). This process is subsequently followed by targeted genome editing to enhance myogenic potential, growth efficiency, nutritional composition, and disease resistance. iPSCs are cultivated in a xeno-free bioreactor following genome editing, and subsequently directed to develop into myoblasts and mature myotubes. Three-dimensional tissue biofabrication is realized by combining biomaterial scaffolds and perfusion bioreactor systems, structuring an authentic muscle tissue matrix. These engineering platforms enable precise control over microenvironmental parameters, including oxygenation and nutrient perfusion. The resulting biofabricated poultry product is compositionally optimized, free of antibiotic residues, and exhibits a significantly reduced environmental footprint than poultry that is grown in the traditional way. This all-in-one solution solves important problems in food security, animal welfare, land use efficiency, and greenhouse gas emissions while also setting up a scalable biomanufacturing framework for making proteins for the next generation.

As the only reproductive female in the colony, the honey bee queen (Apis mellifera) is essential to colony survival, productivity, and the sustainability of pollination services that underpin food security and global agriculture. The biological, physiological, molecular, and commercial elements that affect queen fertility throughout the commercial lifecycle, from mating and development to sperm storage, banking, transportation, and colony establishment, are examined in this review. According to available data, successful queen reproduction depends on effective mating, long-term sperm viability in the spermatheca, stable hormonal regulation, and adequate nutritional and environmental support. However, a number of interrelated stressors, including temperature changes during storage and transportation, confinement, inadequate nutrition, pesticides, pathogens, parasites, and climate-related pressures, can reduce sperm viability, impair ovarian function, and increase colony losses. Precision apiculture, cryopreservation, instrumental insemination, and omics-based biomarkers are examples of emerging technologies that offer promising techniques to enhance queen resilience and commercial management. However, there are still significant information gaps, especially in the areas of integrated multi-omics techniques across the commercial lifespan and standardized queen-quality evaluation. Future advancements are needed to preserve queen fertility and protect pollination services. This will require integrating reproductive physiology, biotechnology, and commercial management to build climate-resilient, biosecure, and sustainable systems.