Entoloma is a species-rich and taxonomically complex genus in Entolomataceae, characterised by pink to pinkish-brown spore prints and angular basidiospores. Within this genus, Entoloma sect. Madida, corresponding to the Prunuloides lineage in recent infrageneric treatments, includes several morphologically similar taxa related to the E. bloxamii–prunuloides complex. However, this lineage remains poorly documented from subtropical eastern China. In this study, we examined Entoloma collections from the Huangshan region of Anhui Province, China, using macromorphological observations, micromorphological characters, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of basidiospores, and multilocus phylogenetic analyses based on ITS, LSU and rpb2. We recognised two independent and well-supported species-level lineages, described here as Entoloma theobrunneum and E. ochrorubrum. Entoloma theobrunneum is phylogenetically close to E. corneri but differs in its smoky grey to tea-brown pileus, snakeskin-like stipe pattern, higher basidiospore Q values, larger basidia, and the presence of pleurocystidia and caulocystidia. Entoloma ochrorubrum is associated with taxa of the E. bloxamii complex but is distinguished by its darker iron-red to ochre-brown pileus, blackish-brown central papilla, cracking pileus margin, longitudinally fibrillose stipe, higher basidiospore Q values, and basidia with granular contents. SEM observations are provided only as supplementary documentation of the three-dimensional architecture of basidiospores. These findings add two phylogenetically supported Chinese species to the current framework of E. sect. Madida, help fill a regional documentation gap in subtropical eastern China, and provide additional East Asian data relevant to future evaluation of the current infrageneric framework of Entoloma.

The rising prevalence of neurodevelopmental, emotional, and behavioral disorders in children has prompted interest in dietary strategies that target neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and gut dysbiosis. Blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) contain substantial amounts of anthocyanins and other neuroactive polyphenols that may confer neuroprotective effects. We summarize the literature published between 2016 and 2025 to examine how the bioactives in blueberries affect symptoms relevant to children with diagnosed neurodevelopmental or emotional–behavioral disorders, including ADHD, mood problems, and cognitive difficulties. Mechanistically, anthocyanins appear to modulate gut microbial composition, modulate neuroinflammation and alleviate oxidative stress via the Nrf2 pathway, and support synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis. Clinical trials, although limited in number and sample size, have reported modest improvements in mood and verbal memory in typically developing children and adolescents, with some gains in attention and executive function. However, direct trials in children with diagnosed neurodevelopmental or emotional–behavioral conditions remain scarce. There are substantial hurdles to translating these findings. Anthocyanins have poor physicochemical stability and low bioavailability, and routine food processing degrades their activity. Emerging solutions such as green extraction from agricultural by-products, colon-targeted microencapsulation, and zero-waste engineering could address these limitations. Rigorous randomized controlled trials in children with diagnosed neurodevelopmental or emotional–behavioral disorders are essential, as are advances in food engineering. Both are needed to move blueberry-based interventions from the laboratory to application.