The purpose of this research was to characterize the volatile compounds, texture, and color profile of meatballs made from beef, rat, wild boar, and their combinations. Volatile compounds were analyzed using SPME/GC-MS and multivariate data analysis (PCA, PLS-DA). Additionally, several textural features such as hardness, gumminess, chewiness, cohesiveness, and colour (L, a∗, b∗, C, and h) were also analyzed. The findings revealed that texture and color characteristics can only be used to differentiate meatballs based on their raw meat materials when meat adulterants are used in high concentrations (≥50%). PLS-DA analysis of volatile data revealed distinct groupings among various types of meatballs, including meatballs adulterated with rat or wild boar meat at the lowest percentage used in this study (20%). By using VIP and correlation coefficient, the strongest markers in beef, rat, and wild boar meatballs were identified as (Z)-2-amino-5-methyl-benzoic acid, 2-heptenal, and cyclobutanol, respectively. Nonanal was consistently found as a significant marker in the meatballs made from a mixture of beef-rat and beef-wild boar at different ratios. This study demonstrated that the volatile profile of meat is more reliable than physicochemical profiles for developing an analytical tool for quickly identifying undesired meat in meat-derived products.

Mangosteen peel extract contains xanthone compound having phenol basic structure. Because xanthone is insoluble in water, therefore mangosteen peel extract encapsulated by polymer substance through encapsulation technology is necessity. Mangosteen peel were powdered to 3 sizes. The nanomangosteen peel ethanol extract was encapsulated in various of concrentration chitosan. The particle size of encapsulated products were determined by particle size analyzer (PSA) and also analyzed of antibacterial activities. The nanomangosteen peel extract showed antibacterial activity stronger impact to 3 tested bacterial: S. aureus, B. cereus, and S. flexinery than 40 mesh and 20 mesh size. Encapsulated of nanomagosteen peel extract with chitosan showed that the particle size of PN, AN, and BN were 308.30, 342.42, and 421.26 nm respectively with polydispersity index (PI) of 0.14, 0.31, and 0.11 respectively, however antimicrobial activities of encapsulated products still have not satisfied yet.