Objective: Online patient education materials (OPEMs) are important resources for patients seeking health information. While the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and American Medical Association (AMA) recommend a sixth-grade readability level for OPEMs, commonly available material often exceeds such criteria. Large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT and Gemini, have emerged as tools for health education with potential applications in simplification of health material. This study assesses the utility of ChatGPT and Gemini in enhancing the readability of OPEMs for peripheral nerve surgeries. Methods: Eleven common peripheral nerve surgeries were used as online search terms. The first 20 unique search results were assessed; results were excluded if they did not include patient-facing material. ChatGPT and Gemini were instructed to rewrite the text of the OPEM at or below a sixth-grade reading level. Readability metrics were calculated for original OPEMs, alongside ChatGPT and Gemini rewrites. LLM responses were reviewed for accuracy/quality (five-point scale) and comprehensiveness (three-point scale) using predefined criteria. Results: A total of 220 websites were assessed. In total, 155 OPEMs met the inclusion criteria; 65 websites were excluded because they were academic journal articles or other provider-facing materials. The average Flesch–Kincaid grade level (FKGL) of OPEMs was 11.3, significantly greater than the NIH/AMA-sixth grade recommendations (p < 0.001). The average FKGL of ChatGPT rewrites was significantly lower than that of OPEMs (11.3 vs. 7.5, p < 0.001), as was the average FKGL of Gemini rewrites (11.3 vs. 5.6, p < 0.001). ChatGPT rewrites were of higher accuracy/quality (4.5/5.0 vs. 4.0/5.0, p < 0.001) and comprehensiveness (2.0/3.0 vs. 1.0/3.0, p < 0.001) relative to Gemini rewrites. Conclusions: The readability of online patient education materials for peripheral nerve surgery significantly exceeded NIH/AMA recommendations. ChatGPT and Gemini were able to significantly simplify the reading level of these OPEMs. LLMs may serve as tools to improve the readability of peripheral nerve surgery OPEMs.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to correlate National Basketball Association (NBA) Combine scores with future surgical lower limb injury to determine if NBA Combine scores can be predictive of future surgery on the lower limb. Methods: A retrospective review of NBA surgical lower limb injuries was performed using a data set covering 10 consecutive NBA seasons (2010–2020). All NBA Combine data were obtained through the official NBA Combine website. NBA Combine data were matched to injury list and compared against noninjured control, described using means and standard deviations. Differences were evaluated using independent t ‐tests, with an a priori level of significance at p < 0.05. Results: A total of 27,105 injury transactions were reported and a total of 130 players were identified who had undergone lower limb surgical management. There was no statistically significant difference in anthropometric stats (weight, body fat % and height). Lane agility time, three quarter sprint and max bench press showed no statistically significant differences. However, standing vertical leap and max vertical leap showed statistically significant differences, with values increased in injured group. Mean standing vertical was 73.86 cm (SD = 7.82) in noninjured and 76.00 cm (SD = 7.77) in the injured group. Mean max vertical was 86.89 cm (SD = 9.37) in noninjured and 89.31 cm (SD = 9.17) in injured group. Knee injuries (80.0%) were most prevalent, followed by ankle (8.5%), calf (7.7%), and thigh (3.8%). Knee surgeries comprised of general surgery on knee (42.3%), meniscal surgery (20.2%), arthroscopic knee surgery (18.3%), anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (15.4%), and patellar tendon repair (3.8%). Conclusions: Increased NBA Combine scores of standing and maximum vertical leap may be related to future lower limb injury requiring surgical management among basketball players. The knee remains the most injured joint with the majority of knee surgeries performed arthroscopically addressing meniscal pathology. Level of Evidence: Level III.

Introduction: Currarino syndrome is a rare congenital disorder classically defined by the triad of sacral anomaly, anorectal malformation, and a presacral mass. While anterior meningoceles and teratomas are the most commonly reported lesions, an expanding body of literature suggests a broader spectrum of presacral pathology. We present three cases from our institution that expand the phenotypic range of presacral masses associated with Currarino syndrome, including lesions not previously well described in this population. Case presentation: Three cases are presented. Final pathologic diagnoses included myxopapillary ependymoma, mature cystic teratoma, and neuroendocrine tumor arising within a teratoma. Conclusion: These cases highlight the considerable heterogeneity of presacral lesions in Currarino syndrome and identify two underrecognized or previously unreported tumor types: myxopapillary ependymoma and neuroendocrine tumor. Surgical management must be individualized and often requires a multidisciplinary approach. Future studies will further clarify genotype–phenotype relationships and improve diagnostic and management strategies in this complex syndrome. Established facts: Currarino syndrome is a rare congenital disorder classically defined by the triad of sacral anomaly, anorectal malformation, and a presacral mass. Presacral masses are most commonly anterior meningoceles and teratomas. A wider spectrum of lesions has been reported, underscoring the complexity of the syndrome and the importance of thorough evaluation and management of presacral pathology. Novel insights: In Case 1, we report a previously undescribed association of myxopapillary ependymoma with a retrorectal teratoma in the setting of Currarino syndrome. Case 2 illustrates the potential for significant enlargement of presacral meningoceles with associated teratomas with a rare instance of prenatal diagnosis by ultrasound. Case 3 expands the spectrum of presacral pathology in Currarino syndrome by demonstrating a neuroendocrine tumor.