More than 160 types of post-transcriptional RNA modifications have been identified, revealing considerable diversity in their types, abundances, distributions, and functional roles across different RNAs, cells, and tissues in humans. Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies have enabled the systematic detection of dynamic RNA modifications, including N6-methyladenosine (m⁶A) and inosine (I). In this review, we focus on RNA modifications in eukaryotic mRNA and provide an overview of current high-throughput methodologies for detecting the most abundant adenosine-related modifications, including m⁶A and adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing. Finally, we discuss the major challenges that remain in the field and highlight key directions for future research.