Aiming at the dynamic testing of the ignition temperature of micro-initiating explosives, a novel Pt-Rh10/Pt thin-film thermocouple was designed in this paper. The author carried out the preparation of the thermocouple by using a screen printing process on an Al₂O₃ ceramic substrate. The formed thermocouple was made of Pt-Rh10 wire and Pt wire as compensation wires, with a size of ≤ 1 mm and a thickness of about 6 μm. In the testing process, the static calibration of the thermocouple at 50~600 °C and 650~1500 °C was completed by a portable temperature verification furnace and a horizontal high temperature verification furnace, and the results showed that the Seebeck coefficient of the thermocouple was about 10.70 μV/°C, and its output voltage–temperature curve was similar to that of a standard S-type thermocouple, which achieved the effective temperature measurement up to 1500 °C. The dynamic response of Pt-Rh10/Pt thin-film thermocouple was then tested and studied using the pulsed laser method, and the results show that the time constant of the thermocouple prepared in this paper is about 535 μs, which has the characteristics of fast response and high precision high-temperature testing. Compared with the traditional thin-film thermocouple, the thermocouple has excellent electrical conductivity, more oxidation resistance, the surface layer is not easy to peel off and other advantages.

In dynamic temperature measurement, thermocouple sensors are widely used, and their dynamic characteristics directly affect the accuracy of the test results. So before applying thermocouple sensors to dynamic temperature measurement, their dynamic characteristics should be obtained, and their dynamic performance parameters should be analyzed. The time constant is the most important dynamic parameter, which reflects the response speed of a thermocouple sensor. Therefore, it is necessary to measure the time constant. The time constant is closely related to the heat transfer mode, so the heat transfer environment of the time constant measurement system should be similar to the application environment of thermocouple sensor. When using the thermocouple to measure the temperature in various kilns, the heat transfer is mainly through the radiative mode, and existing equipment, such as constant temperature water/oil tank, shock wave tube and other devices, cannot be used to measure the time constant to reflect scenarios in actual measurement applications. Therefore, this paper proposed a new method to measure the time constant of the thermocouple by improved high temperature furnace. In the system, the high temperature furnace was used to generate the stable temperature field, and the fast feed device was used to insert the thermocouple into the high temperature furnace and generates the ramp temperature excitation. The temperature can reach 1500 °C in the furnace, and the temperature error in uniform temperature field is ±1 °C. Finally, the time constant of a K-type thermocouple was measured, and the uncertainty of the measurement result was analyzed.

At the present stage of transient ultra-high-temperature energy release of boron-containing warm-pressure explosives, single thermocouples are often used for multi-point measurements in the process of their temperature field changes, and the results of their temperature field reconstruction are not satisfactory due to the limited consistency of the thermocouples. Aiming at the above-mentioned problems, a C-type two-thermocouple suitable for transient temperature measurement in high-temperature environments is designed; the system characterization of the two-thermocouple is carried out by using the blind system identification method of the inter-relationships; the identification process is evaluated by a new cost function; and the optimal solution on the new cost function is realized by using the gradient descent method. The temperature reconstruction of the two-thermocouple output excited by the simulated heat source is carried out by using the auto-regressive with extra inputs model, and the feasibility of the reconstruction results is verified. In the experimental part, a thermocouple dynamic characteristic calibration system based on a high-temperature furnace is constructed and experimental validation is carried out in the high-temperature furnace to compare the effects of different exposure lengths and different wire diameters on the output of the two-thermocouple, and as a result, the outputs are corrected and analyzed. The results show that two-thermocouple methods with different combinations of wire diameters are better for temperature measurement, with a reconstructed root mean squared error of 0.0162 and a goodness of fit of 89.13%.

Objective: This study aims to describe the technique and feasibility of laparoscopic submucosal tunneling ureteroneocystostomy in combination with psoas hitch to restore urinary tract continuity in patients showing medium-length distal ureteral defects. Materials and Methods: From January 2012 to April 2016, a total of 13 patients (4 males and 9 females) with a mean age of 37 years were performed with the laparoscopic operation of ureteral submucosal tunneling reimplantation combined with psoas hitch. The mean defective length was 5.5 cm (range 4-8 cm). The etiologies included ureteral strictures secondary to endoscopic laser lithotripsy in 2 patients, previous gynecological surgeries in 4, infiltrative ureteral endometriosis in 3, as well as ureteral strictures without obvious causes in the remaining 4. Results: The operations were successfully performed in all patients. The mean operating time was 179 min (range 150-230 min). The mean estimated blood loss was 32 mL (range 15-80 mL). The mean drainage time was 5.8 days (range 4-8 days). No major complications occurred during the perioperative period. The mean follow-up time was 25 months. All patients experienced symptomatic relief and showed good urine drainage. Conclusion: Extravesical submucosal tunneling ureteroneocystostomy combined with psoas hitch under laparoscopy is a feasible and effective option for medium-length distal ureteral defects in selected patients.

In transient high-temperature measurement, thermocouples often exhibit poor accuracy due to insufficient dynamic response. To address this issue, this study proposes a thermocouple dynamic characteristic compensation method based on an Improved Equilibrium Optimizer algorithm. The EO algorithm is enhanced by introducing good point set-based population initialization and dynamic weighting factors, aiming to improve the dynamic performance of thermocouples. Experiments were conducted using a high-temperature furnace platform, and the compensation results demonstrated that the thermocouple time constant was reduced from 21.31 to 1.72 s, with a 92% improvement in dynamic response speed. In addition, the cutoff frequency was increased from 0.982 to 12.87 Hz, expanding the operating bandwidth by 13.1 times. After compensation, thermocouples with short exposed junctions also achieved superior dynamic characteristics. This work enables accurate temperature measurement under extreme environments using short-exposed thermocouples.

A new theoretical formula can be used to calculate superficial velocity for particle separation with a critical condition, and it is based on the size, density, terminal velocity, Reynold number of the particle, and equipment parameters. In a continuous system, a series of fractionation experiments were conducted to quantify the separation performance ranges for various operational factors, including channel spacing, solids throughput, and split fluidization rate. A great fluidization environment can be created by the 6 mm channel spacing, and the solids throughput of 10.20 t/(m²h) provides a well effective separation result in the narrow channels, and the split fluidization of 0.0058 m/s can produce a higher shear induce force in the inclined channels to prevent the low-density particles from being lost in the underflow. The theoretical superficial velocity calculated by the new formula is 0.042 m/s, which can report the particles up and down to 9-fold to the overflow, it is almost the equal to the actual superficial fluidization velocity of 0.04 m/s.