Ячмень является одной из наиболее часто встречающихся зерновых культур в мире, а на территории Казахстана культура приобрела огромное сельскохозяйственное значение в связи с неприхотливостью в производстве в условиях сложного климата. Одним из перспективных направлений в сельском хозяйстве является выявления устойчивых к грибным заболеваниям сортообразцов. Главным же аспектом при использовании устойчивых сортов ячменя является улучшение качества продукции за счет частичного или полного отказа от химической обработки. В 2021-2022 гг. на опытном поле Казахского научно-исследовательского института земледелия и растениеводства была проведена полевая оценка устойчивости 46 сортообразцов озимого и ярового ячменя отечественного происхождения к наиболее распространенным в Казахстане грибным болезням (сетчатая пятнистость, темно-бурая пятнистость, ринхоспориоз и мучнистая роса). По результатам фитопатологической оценки среди сортообразцов ячменя отобраны источники устойчивости к основным грибным болезням. Обнаружено 7 сортообразцов озимого и ярового ячменя, устойчивых к нескольким грибным болезням. Выявленные образцы и сорта ячменя, устойчивые как к одному, так и к двум и более патогенам, могут быть использованы в селекционных программах по созданию устойчивых сортов ячменя.

Yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) is one of the most destructive diseases in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Kazakhstan, causing significant yield losses. Owing to the high susceptibility of widely cultivated varieties, the development of resistant genotypes remains a key objective for sustainable crop protection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance of wheat lines to yellow rust and to identify effective resistance genes. The research was conducted under artificial infection conditions using hybrid populations of the F2–F5 generations. The genotypes were assessed and ranked according to their resistance levels, and molecular markers were applied to detect resistance genes. Significant variability in disease response was observed. Analysis of variance revealed a strong effect of genotype on the infection coefficient (p < 0.001). Lines from later generations (F5) presented lower infection levels. Most genotypes carried the Yr5 gene, highlighting its major role in resistance, whereas Yr10 was less common. Yr15 and Yr18 were detected in some lines and were associated with partial (adult plant) resistance. Moderately susceptible forms predominated, indicating widespread quantitative resistance. However, highly resistant lines (CI = 0–1) and immune forms were identified, representing valuable material for breeding programs.

The Sunn pest (Eurygaster integriceps Puton) ranks among the most harmful pests affecting wheat yield and grain quality in Kazakhstan. In particular, it poses a serious threat to regions in which winter wheat cultivation is dominant. Climate change, parasites, predators, and recent transformations in agriculture and human activities in Kazakhstan and throughout Central Asia have significantly influenced the population dynamics of the Sunn pest. This study reports the findings on Sunn pest population dynamics in Kazakhstan’s winter wheat growing regions from 2022 to 2024, based on surveys of 233 hectares across four regions. In total, 1753 specimens of the Sunn pest were studied. The obtained results were analyzed in comparison with historical data (1991–2020) and recent findings in this field. We found that a combination of ecological factors are the main determinants of the Sunn pest population dynamics in different regions of the country. The pest population increased in seasons with optimal temperature (sum of effective temperatures—SET) and humidity conditions (hydrothermal coefficient—HTC), as well as when wheat cultivation areas and forest belts expanded. Moreover, the results highlighted that the pest population is controlled by the activity of egg parasites (Telenomus) in the south, unfavorable weather conditions during overwintering in the east and west, and the growing of resistant varieties in the southeast of the country. Compared to wild grasses, wheat crops increased the reproductive potential of the pest.