Background: Spray‐drying is a well‐established method for producing free‐flowing microencapsulated powders, especially for fat‐soluble vitamins (FSVs) like A, D, and E. This process enhances the stability and protection of FSVs against environmental degradation. Scope and Approach: This review highlights the application of spray‐drying to encapsulate FSVs, focusing on their role in maintaining stability, controlled release, and protection under various conditions. Current challenges and future directions in spray‐drying‐assisted encapsulation of single and multiple FSVs (like vitamin K) are also discussed. Key Findings and Conclusions: Optimizing the spray‐drying technique with efficient encapsulating agents can remarkably improve the release profiles and yields of vitamin A, emphasizing tailored formulations for stability and efficacy. For vitamin D, the choice of carrier oil and wall materials has a significant impact on bioavailability, particularly in food fortification. Although there are challenges due to heat sensitivity, spray‐drying is a versatile technique to encapsulate vitamin E with high efficiency rate, desirable particle characteristics, and effective release profiles. Comicroencapsulation with bioactive compounds further enhances the stability and bioavailability of vitamins, suggesting promising applications in food fortification and health supplementation. Comparative studies between microencapsulated FSVs and their free forms revealed improved physicochemical stability and extended‐release rates in simulated gastrointestinal conditions, as well as an enhancement in nutrient retention in food products.

In this study, mucoactive self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDSs) based on sustained release of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) were developed for providing effective intestinal mucopermeation. Polymeric ionic complexes of NAC were formed with polyethyleneimine (PEI), Eudragit E 100, and Eudragit RS 100 and loaded into a novel SEDDS. The SEDDSs exhibited a stable average size of 75 ± 12 nm (polydispersity index (PDI) < 0.3) and showed a rise in the zeta potential from −17.31 mV to −7.72 mV. On Caco-2 cells, SEDDSs at 1–3% were non-cytotoxic. An average of 91.8 ± 5.4% NAC was released from SEDDSs containing Eudragit E 100 (p ≤ 0.05) and Eudragit RS 100 (p ≤ 0.001) complexes at a significantly slower rate within 80 min, whereas the SEDDS containing PEI released NAC in a matter of seconds. Similarly, the SEDDS complexes revealed a time-dependent reduction in mucus dynamic viscosity of 52.6 ± 19.9%. Consequently, as compared with a blank SEDDS, mucodiffusion revealed about 2- and 1.8-fold significantly greater mucopermeation of SEDDSs anchoring Eudragit E 100–NAC and RS 100–NAC complexes (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. The mucoactive SEDDSs, which steadily released NAC while permeating the mucus, were linked to a significantly increased mucopermeation in vitro as a result of optimal mucolytic targeting.

Solanum elaeagnifolium is a medicinal plant in the Solanaceae family and the leaves extract have traditionally been used to treat several diseases, including skin infections, respiratory problems, and digestive disorders. The purpose of the study was to formulate silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the leaves extract of Solanum elaeagnifolium using the green synthesis method and to evaluate the formulated nanoparticles using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The powdered leaves were analyzed for macroscopic, microscopic, and physicochemical characteristics before being extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus. The antioxidant effect was analyzed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH). The disk diffusion method was used for assessing the antibacterial activity. Microscopic examinations confirmed the existence of stellate trichomes. Phytochemical screening, confirmed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, triterpenoids, steroids, and cardiac glycosides. SEM revealed a porous, spherical and crystalline structure with particle sizes of 70-95 nm. The DPPH assay revealed IC50 values of 3.40, 2.30 and 1.40 mg/mL for the methanolic extract, silver nanoparticles and ascorbic acid respectively. The results of the antioxidant studies revealed that the formulated silver nanoparticles had higher antioxidant activity than the leaves extract at all concentrations. The leaves extract and silver nanoparticles demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against all the bacteria used in the study with zones of inhibition ranging from 2.9-4.8 mm and 5.7-9.2 mm respectively. The formulated silver nanoparticles demonstrated significant antibacterial and antioxidant effects as a result of the presence of some secondary metabolites such as phenols, saponins, flavonoids and tannins in the leaves extract.

Formulation and Evaluation of Effervescent Floating Matrix Tablets of a Biguanide Using Grewia mollis Gum.

Tobramycin is a highly hydrophilic aminoglycoside antibiotic with limited cellular permeability and negligible oral bioavailability, necessitating parenteral administration. This study aimed to develop drug delivery systems based on nano-sized colloidal assemblies (NCAs) incorporating tobramycin ion pairs to enhance its lipophilicity, potential for transition to the oral route, and antimicrobial activities. Tobramycin was ionically paired with oleic acid, lauric acid, and fluorescein and formulated into NCA preconcentrates (F1–F5) using combinations of Tween 80, DMSO, and propylene glycol. The resulting formulations formed stable nanodroplets upon dilution (9.50–16.30 nm) with narrow size distributions (polydispersity index; PDI < 0.3) and moderate negative zeta potentials (−4.99 to −11.13 mV). In vitro release studies indicated sustained drug release for ion-paired systems compared to the rapid release of free tobramycin. Cytotoxicity evaluation in Caco-2 cells demonstrated high biocompatibility at 1:10,000 and 2:10,000 dilutions, while concentration-dependent toxicity at higher doses suggested enhanced intracellular delivery. Cellular uptake studies revealed significantly higher tobramycin internalization (p < 0.001) from formulations F1–F3, with uptake values in the range of 81.76–96.14% compared to free drug, which showed zero or negligible uptake. Fluorescein-labeled formulations (F4 and F5) further confirmed enhanced uptake, demonstrating strong intracellular fluorescence. This was supported by visual observation, UV–Vis absorbance (70.5–84.8% relative to positive control), and confocal microscopy imaging. Antimicrobial activities against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were comparable between formulations F1–F5 and free tobramycin (inhibition zones of 16–18 mm), utilizing the same tobramycin concentration in the diluting medium. These findings validate the effectiveness of the formulated NCAs in facilitating intracellular delivery of tobramycin while preserving biocompatibility and similar antimicrobial activities. Moreover, the uptake of fluorescein provides indirect evidence supporting the enhanced internalization of tobramycin in analogous ion-paired formulations. This strategy holds promise for overcoming intestinal barriers and improving oral bioavailability, potentially enabling the transition of tobramycin from parenteral to oral administration.