Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is highly prevalent among older adults and often requires multidrug therapy to optimize glycemic control while minimizing adverse effects. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are among the most effective antihyperglycemic drugs with demonstrated cardiometabolic benefits. However, their real-world safety, tolerability, and longterm outcomes in geriatric populations remain under-explored. Objective: To qualitatively analyze completed Phase 4 interventional trials evaluating GLP-1 RA therapy among older adults (≥65 years) with diabetes, as registered on ClinicalTrials.gov. Methods: A descriptive qualitative review was performed using data from all completed Phase 4 interventional studies with posted results involving older adults and GLP-1 RA therapy for diabetes. Trials were identified through a structured search of ClinicalTrials. gov up to 10 November 2025. Extracted data included drug name, comparator type, outcome measures, and enrollment size. Descriptive qualitative analyses were conducted to summarize treatment trends and reported safety outcomes. Results: Thirty-seven Phase 4 studies met inclusion criteria. Liraglutide (n = 12) and semaglutide (n = 8) were most frequently investigated, followed by dulaglutide (n = 7), exenatide (n = 5), and lixisenatide (n = 3). Across trials (median enrollment = 180, range = 23-1100), primary endpoints focused on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) reduction (45.9%), cardiovascular risk markers (27%), and safety (18.9%). Most studies demonstrated significant improvements in glycemic control and body weight, with frequent adverse effects of gastrointestinal intolerance (15-30%), injection-site reactions (≤5%), and low rates of hypoglycemia (<5%). Conclusion: This qualitative synthesis highlights consistent clinical benefits of GLP-1 RAs in older adults with diabetes, though tolerability and adherence remain concerns. Post-marketing data underscore the need for individualized prescribing and further research on long-term safety, renal outcomes, and polypharmacy interactions in geriatric populations.

Background/Objectives: Saudi Arabia has expanded disability support services and rights-based policies under Vision 2030. However, the effectiveness of these initiatives may depend partly on public awareness of available services and societal support for disability-inclusive measures. This study assessed public awareness of disability support services, support for disability-inclusive measures, and factors associated with both domains among adults in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted across all five regions of Saudi Arabia using a structured self-administered questionnaire distributed through social media with snowball dissemination. A total of 948 adults participated. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis identified composite scores for awareness (two items; Cronbach’s alpha = 0.846) and support for disability-inclusive measures (four items; Cronbach’s alpha = 0.845) using five-point Likert-scale responses. A structural equation model was fitted to examine factors associated with both outcomes, with support regressed on awareness to examine their association. Results: The median awareness score was 8.0 (IQR 6.0–9.0) of 10, and the median support score was 19.0 (IQR 17.0–20.0) of 20. More than 84% of participants agreed or strongly agreed with each support item. Awareness was positively associated with support for disability-inclusive measures. Awareness was lower among participants in the Eastern and Northern regions compared with the Central region, and among those with a bachelor’s or postgraduate degree compared with primary-school education. Support for disability-inclusive measures was higher among participants in the Western region and those with secondary-school or bachelor’s-degree education, and lower among those with no or uncertain previous personal contact with a person with a disability, and among those most familiar with hearing impairment. Public awareness campaigns were the most frequently endorsed strategy for improving disability inclusion (75.4%). Conclusions: Public support for disability-inclusive measures in Saudi Arabia was high, while self-reported awareness of disability support services varied across population groups. These findings are associative and, given the cross-sectional design, cannot establish the direction of the relationship between awareness and support. The observed regional and educational differences nonetheless highlight the potential value of targeted public education and communication strategies to strengthen disability inclusion.

Pharmacology teaching in pharmacy education remains largely lecture-driven, which can encourage surface learning and limit student engagement. Student-led presentations offer an active-learning approach that may combine conceptual learning with communication, teamwork, and professional-skill development. This study explores pharmacy students’ perceptions of how student-led pharmacology presentations influenced their understanding, communication confidence, collaboration, and perceived academic and professional preparedness. A qualitative descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 90 second-year Doctor of Pharmacy students at Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia, in Spring 2025. Following 6-minute group presentations, participants completed an anonymous open-ended questionnaire. Responses were examined using Braun and Clarke’s 6-phase reflexive thematic analysis. An audit trail, peer debriefing, comparison across questionnaire domains, and iterative review of themes against the complete dataset supported analytic trustworthiness. Five interconnected themes were generated: Deepened Understanding and Active Learning Engagement; Growth in Communication Confidence; Collaboration and Team Synergy; Professional and Academic Preparedness; and Endorsement and Recommendations for Integration. Students’ accounts associated the activity with active knowledge construction, practice in scientific communication, shared responsibility, and transferable academic and professional skills. Time pressure, unequal participation, cognitive load, and presentation anxiety were also identified as qualifying conditions. Students perceived student-led presentations as a feasible, low-cost strategy that supported engagement, pharmacological understanding, communication, and teamwork. Because the findings derive from a single-institution, post-activity self-report dataset, they indicate pedagogical promise rather than causal effectiveness. Longitudinal and mixed-methods studies should assess objective learning, retention, transfer, and professional outcomes.

Background: People with disabilities may face medication-safety challenges when functional limitations interfere with medication handling, administration, communication, self-management, or continuity of treatment. This study examined pharmacists’ experiences and perceptions of safe medication use among people with disabilities in Saudi Arabia and identified adaptations that may support safer, more independent medication management. Methods: A qualitative descriptive study was conducted using a self-administered electronic survey that included structured items on participant characteristics and 15 open-ended questions. Eighteen pharmacists from different practice settings participated, and 17 provided substantive qualitative responses for analysis. Data were analyzed using a codebook thematic analysis approach within a qualitative descriptive orientation, informed by Braun and Clarke’s phases of thematic analysis. Two researchers initially coded the responses independently and subsequently compared and refined the coding framework through discussion. Results: Four major themes were identified: (1) functional limitations shape perceived medication-use challenges; (2) pharmacists perceive safety concerns at multiple points in medication use; (3) proposed function-adapted strategies for medication management; and (4) organizational conditions perceived to support function-adapted care. Participants reported challenges with medication packaging, dosage forms, administration devices, medication information, self-management, caregiver dependence, refills, and treatment continuity. They also proposed strategies, including functional assessment, personalized counseling, caregiver education, adapted packaging and dosage forms, medication review, assistive tools, alternative access services, and standardized institutional procedures. Conclusions: Pharmacists identified several ways disability-related functional limitations could complicate medication use and proposed potential adaptations at the patient, pharmacist, and organizational levels. These strategies should be viewed as hypotheses and considerations for practice rather than proven medication-safety interventions. Further research that incorporates patient and caregiver perspectives and directly measures medication-use outcomes is needed.

Background: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are a key pharmacological target in obesity management, associated with sustained weight loss and broader metabolic benefits beyond glycaemic control. Objective: To analyse the characteristics, design trends, and research themes of completed clinical trials investigating GLP-1-based interventions for obesity registered in ClinicalTrials.gov. Methods: A registry-based cross-sectional qualitative analysis was conducted using ClinicalTrials.gov data retrieved on October 18, 2025. Completed interventional trials evaluating GLP-1 receptor agonists, including liraglutide, semaglutide, tirzepatide, exenatide, dulaglutide, and lixisenatide, were identified. Extracted variables included study phase, intervention type, enrolment, primary outcomes, and completion year. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize quantitative data, and qualitative thematic synthesis was applied to categorize outcome domains and research focus. Results: A total of 227 completed interventional studies were identified. Liraglutide was the most frequently investigated agent (n = 86), followed by semaglutide (n = 18), tirzepatide (n = 18), exenatide (n = 15), and other GLP-1 analogues. Phase 3 and 4 trials predominated, with most studies enrolling fewer than 200 participants. Primary outcomes were mainly weight-related, with increasing attention to hepatic, cardiometabolic, and inflammatory endpoints. A marked rise in completed trials was observed after 2018, corresponding with the introduction of newer GLP-1 analogues. Conclusion: Completed GLP-1 obesity trials demonstrate an expanding research focus from weight and glycaemic control toward broader metabolic and organ-specific outcomes. This registry-based qualitative analysis provides a novel overview of research maturity and evolving priorities in GLP-1–based obesity pharmacotherapy.

Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are widely used in clinical practice but are also frequently misused, necessitating reliable analytical methods for their detection in biological and environmental matrices. This review summarizes recent developments in analytical techniques for AAS determination between 2011 and 2024, with emphasis on chromatographic and mass spectrometric approaches. Relevant literature was identified through searches of major scientific databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed, using keywords related to anabolic-androgenic steroids and analytical detection methods; studies were selected based on relevance to methodological advances. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) remains a robust platform, with high-resolution GC-HRMS enhancing selectivity and retrospective analysis capabilities. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) provides high sensitivity and throughput for targeted quantification, while LC-HRMS enables broader screening through suspect and non-targeted approaches. Advances in sample preparation, including microextraction and automated workflows, have improved analytical efficiency and reduced matrix effects. Emerging platforms such as ion mobility spectrometry and ambient ionization methods offer rapid screening but remain complementary to established techniques. Overall, modern AAS analysis reflects a shift toward integrated analytical strategies combining targeted and high-resolution approaches to address increasing analytical complexity and evolving regulatory demands.