Background: Mongolia has the highest incidence of liver cancer worldwide, largely driven by a high prevalence of hepatitis virus infections. Mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Aims: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of mutations in key oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in Mongolian HCC patients and to explore their molecular mechanisms, particularly in relation to hepatitis virus infections. Methods and Results: We analyzed 55 tumor tissue samples from Mongolian HCC patients (2019–2021), identifying mutations in TP53 , CTNNB1 , AXIN1 , KRAS , and JAK1 through sequencing. Western blotting was used to assess β‐catenin and p53 protein levels. Our findings showed p53 overexpression in tumors with TP53 mutations (F270I and S362S), while mutations such as R213* and a short‐sequence deletion upstream of intron 7 produced premature stop codons, resulting in truncated p53 and loss of tumor suppressor function. β‐catenin accumulation was observed in tumors with CTNNB1 mutations (D32N/Y, S33C/Y, S34V, S37P, T41A, and S45P). CCND1 expression, a key target of the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway, was significantly upregulated in tumors harboring CTNNB1 and AXIN1 mutations ( p = 0.02213). Statistical analysis revealed a positive correlation between β‐catenin and CCND1 expression levels ( r = 0.42703). Hepatitis virus infections were significantly associated with these mutations ( p < 0.01), suggesting a link between viral infection and genetic alterations in HCC development. Compared to TCGA data, our cohort displayed a significantly higher mutation frequency ( p < 0.001 and p < 0.05), indicating potential regional genetic and environmental influences. Conclusion: This study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms of HCC in Mongolia, highlighting distinct mutational patterns in TP53 , CTNNB1 , AXIN1 , and KRAS . The association between hepatitis virus infections and these mutations underscores their potential oncogenic impact and may inform future therapeutic strategies for HCC in this population.

Post-translational modification (PTM) is a vital biological process significantly impacting protein structure and function. It involves adding functional groups to the main and side chains during and after protein synthesis, thereby modifying their structure and function. PTMs are essential in shaping proteins into their final, functional, and three-dimensional forms. While numerous PTMs are still under active investigation and exploration. Herewith, we briefly overview some of the most prevalent PTMs, elucidate their associated functions, and establish connections between PTMs and a diverse range of diseases. Notably, we elucidate the profound influence of PTMs on neurodegenerative diseases and cancer, and provide a deep understanding of their many effects. Lastly, it considers a concise overview of PTM computational methods and databases, shedding light on the cutting-edge techniques and resources used to analyze and explore post-translational modifications. Трансляцийн дараах өөрчлөлтийн молекул механизм ба түүний зарим өвчлөлд үзүүлэх нөлөө Хураангуй. Трансляцийн дараах өөрчлөлт (ТДӨ) нь уургийн нийлэгжлийн үед, эсвэл нийлэгжлийн дараа уургийн гол болон хажуугийн гинжинд функциональ бүлэг нэмэх замаар уургийн бүтэц болон үйл ажиллагаанд нөлөөлдөг биологийн чухал үйл ажиллагааны нэг юм. Маш олон тооны ТДӨ-үүд судлагдсаар байгаа бөгөөд энэхүү тойм өгүүлэлд бид хамгийн түгээмэл арван ТДӨ-үүд болон тэдгээрийн үйл ажиллагааны талаар авч үзэв. Үүнээс гадна ТДӨ нь төрөл бүрийн өвчин, эмгэгтэй холбоотой байдгаас түгээмэл тохиолддог тархи, мэдрэлийн эмгэгүүд болон хавдрын биологийн үйл ажиллагаанд ТДӨ хэрхэн нөлөөлж байгаа талаар, түүнчлэн ТДӨ-ийн судалгааны аргууд болон мэдээллийн сангийн тухай тоймлон танилцуулав.Түлхүүр үгс: уургийн өөрчлөлт, уураг-уургийн харилцан үйлчлэл, ТДӨ-ийн мэдээллийн сан

The sirtuin family of proteins are the NAD+ dependent protein deacetylase enzyme involved in various biological processes in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Sirtuins (SIRT 1-7) regulate important cellular functions such as mitochondrial metabolism, ATP synthesis, DNA repair and damage, glucose and fatty acid metabolism, thus maintain the normal physiological functions of heart, liver, muscles, and brain. One of the etiologies of cancer is the loss of normal energy regulation due to aging which disrupts the normal functioning of the metabolism. Some sirtuins are involved in cancer suppression. Therefore, it is critical to pharmacologically increase or suppress the activity of sirtuins to avert diseases caused by aging and physiological instability. In this review article, we will discuss the role and regulatory mechanism of sirtuins, their inhibitory and activating functions.

The capability to detect Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and identify immune responses among the population is crucial for managing the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although PCR-based nucleic acid detection techniques are utilized to detect viral infection in people, alternative tests capable of distinguishing between exposure and infection are urgently needed beyond this restricted window of detectable viral replication. Antibodies are produced in human sera within a few days after viral infection, providing longer period for performing tests to acquire reliable database. Herewith, we provide the results of our in-house developed ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) that displays all of the properties necessary for high-throughput of human sera sample analysis. This test does not involve the handling of live viruses, although it detects a variety of antibody types in serum and plasma of human after exposure to the virus. For in-house development of the kit, the nucleocapsid (N) gene of SARS-CoV-2 virus was cloned in the prokaryotic expression vector pGEX-6P-1, and purified N protein was used to detect IgG antibodies in human sera samples. In total 76 human serum samples that were collected before novel coronavirus registry in Mongolia in March 2020, as well as 200 serum samples from patients who had been infected by SARS-CoV-2 virus, were used. Among 200 serum samples, 188 were positive and 12 were false negative, while in non-infected cases 69 were negative and 7 were false positive, suggesting 94 per cent sensitivity and 90.7 per cent specificity of the kit, with p-values of 0.02.

Hippophae rhamnoides L., which belongs to the Elaegnaceae family, is one of the medically and environmentally valuable berry crops with its high nutritious and bioactive compounds. Despite its high demand in the food, medicinal and agricultural industries, this species has been less studied molecularly. In view of this, an effort has been made in the present study to characterize 24 accessions of H. rhamnoides collected from different geographical regions of Mongoliaa through random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. A total of 10 RAPD primers were used in the present study for their ability to produce clear, scorable amplicons. The RAPD analysis totally generated 87 bands, of which 84 (96.34%) were polymorphic, pointing to a high degree of genetic variation. The similarity coefficient ranged from 0.4-1 with the mean of 0.78. The UPGMA dendrogram was generated using these data grouped accessions into two main clusters. Cluster analysis reflected a relatively close relationship between accessions grown at the same or neighbouring areas. Thus, our data could be informative for further selection and management of germplasm collections and crossing strategies for sea buckthorn.

Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is a central auxin regulating plant growth and developmental plasticity, including cell division, elongation, vascular differentiation, and root architecture. Beyond plants, many fungi—including endophytic fungi that reside within plant tissues without visible disease symptoms—can synthesize IAA and thereby modulate plant performance and plant–fungus interactions. However, fungal IAA biosynthesis remains less resolved than bacterial or plant pathways, and mechanistic evidence is uneven across taxa. This review summarizes recent (2020–2025) advances in IAA-producing endophytic fungi, the main proposed biosynthetic routes and intermediates, and methodological considerations for attributing IAA production to the fungal partner. The reported associations of fungal IAA with beneficial interactions are then discussed, including growth promotion, stress tolerance, and interaction-mediated changes in the root system’s architecture, with emphasis on the concentration- and context-dependent nature of plant responses. Overall, fungal IAA is associated with diverse plant–fungus interactions, as discussed in this review.