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Prof. Dr. Franz Jirsa
University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Environmental Chemistry
0 Heavy metals in the environment
0 Bioaccumulation in aquatic plants and animals
0 Bio indication using fish and other sentinel organisms
0 Ionic liquids for heavy metal removal from natural waters

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Heavy metals in the environment
Ionic liquids for heavy metal removal from natural waters

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Research paper
Published: 19 March 2021 in Journal of Helminthology
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The mallard Anas platyrhynchos is the most abundant water bird species in Austria, but there is no record of its helminth community. Therefore, this work aimed to close that gap by recording and analysing the parasite community of a large number of birds from Austria for the first time. A total of 60 specimens shot by hunters in autumn were examined for intestinal parasites. The following taxa were recovered (prevalence given in parentheses): Cestoda: Diorchis sp. (31.7%) and Fimbriarioides intermedia (1.7%); Acanthocephala: Filicollis anatis (5%), Polymorphus minutus (30%) and one cystacanth unidentified (1.7%); Trematoda: Apatemon gracilis (3.3%), Echinostoma grandis (6.7%), Echinostoma revolutum (6.7%) and Notocotylus attenuatus (23.3%); Nematoda: Porrocaecum crassum (1.7%) and one not identified (1.7%). The frequency distribution of parasites showed a typical pattern in which 39 birds (65%) were either not parasitized or were harbouring up to five worms, whereas more intense infestations occurred in a lesser number of hosts. Compared to other studies from central and eastern Europe, an extremely depauperate helminth community, particularly of the cestodes and nematodes, was found. Polymorphus minutus was observed as having highly variable morphology and, therefore, molecular genetic characterization by DNA barcoding was carried out. Species identification was confirmed by comparing data with the reference cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene sequence from P. minutus available in GenBank.

ACS Style

F. Jirsa; S. Reier; L. Smales. Helminths of the mallard Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758 from Austria, with emphasis on the morphological variability of Polymorphus minutus Goeze, 1782. Journal of Helminthology 2021, 95, e16 .

AMA Style

F. Jirsa, S. Reier, L. Smales. Helminths of the mallard Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758 from Austria, with emphasis on the morphological variability of Polymorphus minutus Goeze, 1782. Journal of Helminthology. 2021; 95 ():e16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

F. Jirsa; S. Reier; L. Smales. 2021. "Helminths of the mallard Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758 from Austria, with emphasis on the morphological variability of Polymorphus minutus Goeze, 1782." Journal of Helminthology 95, no. : e16.

Journal article
Published: 13 January 2021 in Antioxidants
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This study reports the impact of margarine-representative ingredients on its oxidative stability and green tea extract as a promising antioxidant in margarine. Oil-in-water emulsions received much attention regarding factors that influence their oxidative stability, however, water-in-oil emulsions have only been scarcely investigated. Margarine, a widely consumed water-in-oil emulsion, consists of 80–90% fat and is thermally treated when used for baking. As different types of margarine contain varying additives, their impact on the oxidative stability of margarine during processing is of pressing importance. Thus, the influence of different ingredients, such as emulsifiers, antioxidants, citric acid, β-carotene and NaCl on the oxidative stability of margarine, heated at 80 °C for 1 h to accelerate lipid oxidation, was analyzed by the peroxide value and oxidation induction time. We found that monoglycerides influenced lipid oxidation depending on their fatty acyl chain. α-Tocopheryl acetate promoted lipid oxidation, while rosemary and green tea extract led to the opposite. Whereas green tea extract alone showed the most prominent antioxidant effect, combinations of green tea extract with citric acid, β-carotene or NaCl increased lipid oxidation in margarine. Complementary, NMR data suggested that polyphenols in green tea extracts might decrease lipid mobility at the surface of the water droplets, which might lead to chelating of transition metals at the interface and decreasing lipid oxidation.

ACS Style

Sarah Fruehwirth; Sandra Egger; Dennis Kurzbach; Jakob Windisch; Franz Jirsa; Thomas Flecker; Miriam Ressler; Agnes T. Reiner; Nesrin Firat; Marc Pignitter. Ingredient-Dependent Extent of Lipid Oxidation in Margarine. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 105 .

AMA Style

Sarah Fruehwirth, Sandra Egger, Dennis Kurzbach, Jakob Windisch, Franz Jirsa, Thomas Flecker, Miriam Ressler, Agnes T. Reiner, Nesrin Firat, Marc Pignitter. Ingredient-Dependent Extent of Lipid Oxidation in Margarine. Antioxidants. 2021; 10 (1):105.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sarah Fruehwirth; Sandra Egger; Dennis Kurzbach; Jakob Windisch; Franz Jirsa; Thomas Flecker; Miriam Ressler; Agnes T. Reiner; Nesrin Firat; Marc Pignitter. 2021. "Ingredient-Dependent Extent of Lipid Oxidation in Margarine." Antioxidants 10, no. 1: 105.

Research article
Published: 15 June 2020 in ACS Omega
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This study investigated the aluminum content in one of the most consumed daily beverages: coffee. The total Al concentration in 10 different samples of coffee beans and their water-extractable fraction were determined. We then tested the influence of different brewing methods on the concentration of the extracted Al in the final beverage. Metal analyses were performed using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GF-AAS) after microwave-assisted acid digestion. The results showed highly variable Al contents in coffee beans (1.5–15.5 mg kg–1), of which ∼2–10% were water-extractable. The brewing technique had a major influence on the Al content in the beverage: significantly higher Al concentrations (72.57 ± 23.96 μg L–1) occurred in coffee brewed in an aluminum moka pot. Interestingly, using ground coffee with this method even reduced the Al content in the final beverage compared to the brewing water used. Coffee brewed from Al capsules did not contain significantly higher Al concentrations compared to other methods.

ACS Style

Jakob Windisch; Bernhard K. Keppler; Franz Jirsa. Aluminum in Coffee. ACS Omega 2020, 5, 15335 -15343.

AMA Style

Jakob Windisch, Bernhard K. Keppler, Franz Jirsa. Aluminum in Coffee. ACS Omega. 2020; 5 (25):15335-15343.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jakob Windisch; Bernhard K. Keppler; Franz Jirsa. 2020. "Aluminum in Coffee." ACS Omega 5, no. 25: 15335-15343.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2020 in Applied Sciences
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We investigated the applicability of three task-specific ionic liquids (ILs) as heavy metal extracting agents by contrasting extraction capabilities with algal toxicity. The compounds tested were trihexyltetradecylphosphonium-, methyltrioctylphosphonium- and methyltrioctylammonium 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoates. Experiments were performed to assess if these ILs can provide environmentally safe residual concentrations of the target metals after extraction. Both pure water and natural mineral water samples were spiked with 20 µg L−1 of Cu, Ag, Cd, Hg and Pb, respectively. Quantitative extraction (> 99%) of Hg and Ag was achieved. Cu and Hg were below the respective no-observed-effect-concentrations (NOECs) after extraction and Ag below 0.03 µg L−1. Acute toxicity assays were conducted using two freshwater green algae Raphidocelis subcapitata and Tetradesmus obliquus. Growth inhibition and maximum photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II after 72 h were assessed. ILs were less toxic than similar compounds, but still must be classified as acute toxicants for algae. An inhibiting effect on both growth and chlorophyll fluorescence was observed. The leaching of the ILs into the samples remains a limitation regarding their environmental-friendly applicability. Nonetheless, the extremely efficient removal of Cu, Ag and Hg under environmentally relevant conditions calls for further research, which should focus on the immobilization of the ILs.

ACS Style

Philip Pirkwieser; José A. López-López; Michael Schagerl; Wolfgang Kandioller; Bernhard K. Keppler; Carlos Moreno; Franz Jirsa. Heavy Metal Extraction under Environmentally Relevant Conditions Using 3-Hydroxy-2-Naphthoate- Based Ionic Liquids: Extraction Capabilities vs. Acute Algal Toxicity. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 3157 .

AMA Style

Philip Pirkwieser, José A. López-López, Michael Schagerl, Wolfgang Kandioller, Bernhard K. Keppler, Carlos Moreno, Franz Jirsa. Heavy Metal Extraction under Environmentally Relevant Conditions Using 3-Hydroxy-2-Naphthoate- Based Ionic Liquids: Extraction Capabilities vs. Acute Algal Toxicity. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (9):3157.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Philip Pirkwieser; José A. López-López; Michael Schagerl; Wolfgang Kandioller; Bernhard K. Keppler; Carlos Moreno; Franz Jirsa. 2020. "Heavy Metal Extraction under Environmentally Relevant Conditions Using 3-Hydroxy-2-Naphthoate- Based Ionic Liquids: Extraction Capabilities vs. Acute Algal Toxicity." Applied Sciences 10, no. 9: 3157.

Journal article
Published: 06 March 2020 in Acta Tropica
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This study investigated the occurrence of digenean trematode larvae in snails from the Kenyan part of Lake Victoria. The survey included caenogastropod snails that have received less focus in parasitological studies in Africa: their trematodes are largely unknown. Out of 1145 snail specimens, 149 (13.0%) were infected with Digenea. The highest prevalence (P) was recorded in Melanoides tuberculata (64.5%), followed by Pila ovata (15.4%), Radix natalensis (9.5%), Bulinus ugandae (9.1%), Bellamya unicolor (8.9%), Biomphalaria pfeifferi (7.3%) and Biomphalaria sudanica (4.4%). Morphological and molecular analyses revealed 17 digenean species. Contrary to reports of low diversity of Digenea in caenogastropods, P. ovata harboured 8 species – at least twice as many as in each of the pulmonates. The following taxa are reported for the first time in the Lake Victoria region: Haplorchis pumilio, Thapariella prudhoei, Nudacotyle sp., Renicola sp. and Bolbophorus sp. An unknown cercaria belonging to the genus Haematoloechus is reported from P. ovata: a xiphidiocercaria possessing a long sword-shaped stylet (47–71 µm) which does not match any available literature records. From this study, H. pumilio from M. tuberculata (P = 69.4%), Fasciola gigantica from R. natalensis (P = 1.9%) and Bolbophorus sp. from Bu. ugandae (P = 4.6%) are species of veterinary or medical importance. Snails from the study site with little direct anthropogenic influence had the highest prevalence and diversity of digenean larvae, indicating that environmental conditions influence trematode occurrence.

ACS Style

James Omondi Outa; Helmut Sattmann; Martina Köhsler; Julia Walochnik; Franz Jirsa. Diversity of digenean trematode larvae in snails from Lake Victoria, Kenya: First reports and bioindicative aspects. Acta Tropica 2020, 206, 105437 .

AMA Style

James Omondi Outa, Helmut Sattmann, Martina Köhsler, Julia Walochnik, Franz Jirsa. Diversity of digenean trematode larvae in snails from Lake Victoria, Kenya: First reports and bioindicative aspects. Acta Tropica. 2020; 206 ():105437.

Chicago/Turabian Style

James Omondi Outa; Helmut Sattmann; Martina Köhsler; Julia Walochnik; Franz Jirsa. 2020. "Diversity of digenean trematode larvae in snails from Lake Victoria, Kenya: First reports and bioindicative aspects." Acta Tropica 206, no. : 105437.

Article
Published: 04 February 2020 in Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
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This is the first comprehensive report on the accumulation of Cr, Ni, As, and Ag in the fish species Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and Nile perch Lates niloticus from Lake Victoria, complemented with recent data on Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb. This also is the first report on Cr, Ni, As, and Ag levels in invertebrates: the shrimp Caridina nilotica, gastropod Pila ovata, and bivalve Mutela bourguignati. The study was conducted at five sites in the Kenyan part of Lake Victoria: four sites in Winam Gulf influenced by various anthropogenic pressures, including a site near Kisumu City, and one in the main lake, with lesser direct anthropogenic influence. Apart from Cu and Ag, which were highest in O. niloticus liver, the invertebrates had higher levels of trace elements than fish. Contamination of the gulf with trace elements was best mirrored by the invertebrates, whose mobility is limited; they accumulated Cr, Cd, Ag, and Pb corresponding to the levels in the surface sediment. The accumulation of trace elements in fish species and their bioindicative potential corresponded to their habitats and feeding behaviour. The tissue contents of most trace elements were higher in the inshore-dwelling, omnivorous O. niloticus compared to the pelagic, piscivorous L. niloticus. Cu (465 ± 689 mg/kg dw) and Ag (3.45 ± 1.49 mg/kg dw) in the liver of O. niloticus were up to 10 and 119 times higher than in L. niloticus, respectively. Oreochromis niloticus therefore has bioindicative potential for Cu and Ag contamination. Both the invertebrates and fish showed positive correlations between Cu and Ag concentrations, indicating similar source and/or uptake route. The target hazard quotients (THQ) show that there is no human health risk associated with the consumption of these fish. However, the levels of Zn, Cd, and Pb in P. ovata surpassed maximum food safety limits and are hence potentially unsafe for human consumption.

ACS Style

James Omondi Outa; Chrispin O. Kowenje; Annemariè Avenant-Oldewage; Franz Jirsa. Trace Elements in Crustaceans, Mollusks and Fish in the Kenyan Part of Lake Victoria: Bioaccumulation, Bioindication and Health Risk Analysis. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 2020, 78, 589 -603.

AMA Style

James Omondi Outa, Chrispin O. Kowenje, Annemariè Avenant-Oldewage, Franz Jirsa. Trace Elements in Crustaceans, Mollusks and Fish in the Kenyan Part of Lake Victoria: Bioaccumulation, Bioindication and Health Risk Analysis. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2020; 78 (4):589-603.

Chicago/Turabian Style

James Omondi Outa; Chrispin O. Kowenje; Annemariè Avenant-Oldewage; Franz Jirsa. 2020. "Trace Elements in Crustaceans, Mollusks and Fish in the Kenyan Part of Lake Victoria: Bioaccumulation, Bioindication and Health Risk Analysis." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 78, no. 4: 589-603.

Research article
Published: 20 November 2019 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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This is the first detailed report on the distribution of Ni, As, Sr and Ag in water, sediments and macrophytes from Lake Victoria, complemented with recent data on the heavy metals Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb. The study was conducted over an 11-month period at five sites in the Kenyan part of Lake Victoria: four sites in the Winam Gulf influenced by various anthropogenic pressures including a site near Kisumu City, and one in the main lake, perceived to have lesser direct anthropogenic influence. Compared with the main lake site, the water in Winam Gulf had significantly higher values for electrical conductivity and concentrations of dissolved components: organic carbon and bound nitrogen, as well as major and most trace elements. This contamination is also evident in surface sediments, which contained significantly higher levels of Cr, Zn, As, Ag, Cd and Pb compared with the main lake site. The mean levels of Cr, Cu, Zn, Ag and Pb exceeded probable effect levels at least at one of the gulf sites. The sediments at the Kisumu City site were classified as severely polluted with Cu (up to 259 mg/kg dw) and Pb (up to 1188 mg/kg dw). The sediment cores showed significantly higher levels of Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd and Pb in the surface (0–3 cm) versus subsurface (22–25 cm) layer at the Kisumu City site, indicating increasing pollution by these elements within the last 15 years. This is also the first report on trace elements in the emergent water plant Vossia cuspidata and submerged plant Ceratophyllum demersum from this lake. Even though the accumulation of most elements is comparable between C. demersum (whole plant) and V. cuspidata roots, the latter shows a better bioindicative potential. Contamination of the gulf with Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd and Pb is well mirrored in V. cuspidata roots. V. cuspidata strongly restricts the acropetal transport of trace elements, and hence using the shoots as fodder does not pose a risk to livestock.

ACS Style

James Omondi Outa; Chrispin O. Kowenje; Christof Plessl; Franz Jirsa. Distribution of arsenic, silver, cadmium, lead and other trace elements in water, sediment and macrophytes in the Kenyan part of Lake Victoria: spatial, temporal and bioindicative aspects. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2019, 27, 1485 -1498.

AMA Style

James Omondi Outa, Chrispin O. Kowenje, Christof Plessl, Franz Jirsa. Distribution of arsenic, silver, cadmium, lead and other trace elements in water, sediment and macrophytes in the Kenyan part of Lake Victoria: spatial, temporal and bioindicative aspects. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2019; 27 (2):1485-1498.

Chicago/Turabian Style

James Omondi Outa; Chrispin O. Kowenje; Christof Plessl; Franz Jirsa. 2019. "Distribution of arsenic, silver, cadmium, lead and other trace elements in water, sediment and macrophytes in the Kenyan part of Lake Victoria: spatial, temporal and bioindicative aspects." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 2: 1485-1498.

Journal article
Published: 29 December 2018 in Science of The Total Environment
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The levels of Cr, Cu, Zn, Se, Ag, Cd, Hg, and Pb were determined in muscle and liver samples from 30 specimens of fish belonging to the species Labeobarbus aeneus, Labeobarbus kimberleyensis, and Labeo umbratus from the Vaal Dam. Health risks for human fish consumers were estimated using the target hazard quotient (THQ), the Se:Hg-ratio, and Se health benefit value (Se HBV). This is the first comprehensive report on Hg levels in fish from this lake. Mean concentrations ranging from 0.247–0.481 mg/kg dw in muscle and from 0.170–0.363 mg/kg dw in liver clearly show a contamination with this element. Although levels in muscle did not exceed maximum allowances for human consumption, a calculated THQ of 0.12 and 0.14 for the two Labeobarbus species, respectively, showed a potential risk due to additive effects. All Se:Hg-ratios as well as Se HBVs clearly suggested positive effects for fish consumers. Levels of Cu were remarkably high in the liver of L. umbratus, calling for further investigation on this species. Cadmium levels were above the maximum allowances for fish consumption in the liver of all three species (means between 0.190 and 0.460 mg/kg dw), but below the LOD in all muscle and intestine samples. This is also the first report of Ag in fish from South Africa. Levels were below the LOD in muscle, but well detectable in liver; they varied significantly between the two Labeobarbus species (0.054 ± 0.030 and 0.037 ± 0.016 mg/kg dw) compared to L. umbratus (1.92 ± 0.83 mg/kg dw) and showed a positive correlation with Cu levels (63.7 ± 17.0; 70.3 ± 9.0 and 1300 ± 823 mg/kg dw), possibly due to similar chemical affinities to metallothioneins. The detected Ag levels can serve as a basis to monitor the development of this new pollutant in aquatic environments in South Africa and worldwide.

ACS Style

Christof Plessl; Beric Gilbert; Martin F. Sigmund; Sarah Theiner; Annemarie Avenant-Oldewage; Bernhard Keppler; Franz Jirsa. Mercury, silver, selenium and other trace elements in three cyprinid fish species from the Vaal Dam, South Africa, including implications for fish consumers. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 659, 1158 -1167.

AMA Style

Christof Plessl, Beric Gilbert, Martin F. Sigmund, Sarah Theiner, Annemarie Avenant-Oldewage, Bernhard Keppler, Franz Jirsa. Mercury, silver, selenium and other trace elements in three cyprinid fish species from the Vaal Dam, South Africa, including implications for fish consumers. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 659 ():1158-1167.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christof Plessl; Beric Gilbert; Martin F. Sigmund; Sarah Theiner; Annemarie Avenant-Oldewage; Bernhard Keppler; Franz Jirsa. 2018. "Mercury, silver, selenium and other trace elements in three cyprinid fish species from the Vaal Dam, South Africa, including implications for fish consumers." Science of The Total Environment 659, no. : 1158-1167.

Journal article
Published: 11 December 2018 in Microchemical Journal
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Monitoring dissolved nitrate (NO3−) concentrations is essential for conservation efforts in aquatic ecosystems. Spectrophotometric methods are a widely accepted approach for NO3− analysis. They detect NO3− as a colored diazo complex after reduction to nitrite (NO2−) and its consequent reaction with the so-called Griess reagent. This method is commonly used for freshwater and saline water samples, even though it requires applying a heavy metal in powder form (cadmium) or high concentrations of heavy metal salts (vanadium-III), as a reductant. There has been little discussion about applying these methods for hypersaline samples. This study optimizes an existing method for use in high saline conditions based on the Griess reaction. Five factors were studied: incubation temperature, reaction time, concentration of EDTA, concentration of trisodium citrate, and concentration of reductant (VCl3). Optimal conditions were obtained by using the Box-Behnken design and included using VCl3 17.5 mM, trisodium citrate 70 mM, and an incubation temperature of 60 °C for 40 min. These conditions provided a linear range from 0.55 μM to 50 μM NO3−. The method showed a moderate precision (ranging from 4.3% to 15.4%). The proposed protocol was tested with hypersaline natural samples and showed recovery rates between 92.6% and 100.1%. This protocol for NO3− determination is the first specifically described for hypersaline samples.

ACS Style

Nicolas Valiente; Juan J. Gómez-Alday; Franz Jirsa. Spectrophotometric determination of nitrate in hypersaline waters after optimization based on the Box-Behnken design. Microchemical Journal 2018, 145, 951 -958.

AMA Style

Nicolas Valiente, Juan J. Gómez-Alday, Franz Jirsa. Spectrophotometric determination of nitrate in hypersaline waters after optimization based on the Box-Behnken design. Microchemical Journal. 2018; 145 ():951-958.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nicolas Valiente; Juan J. Gómez-Alday; Franz Jirsa. 2018. "Spectrophotometric determination of nitrate in hypersaline waters after optimization based on the Box-Behnken design." Microchemical Journal 145, no. : 951-958.

Journal article
Published: 17 November 2018 in Molecules
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Developments in the liquid micro-extraction of trace metals from aqueous phases have proven to be limited when extended from pure water to more complex and demanding matrices such as sea water or wastewater treatment effluents. To establish a system that works under such matrices, we successfully tested three task-specific ionic liquids, namely trihexyltetradecyl- phosphonium-, methyltrioctylphosphonium- and methyltrioctylammonium 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate in two-phase solvent bar micro-extraction (SBME) experiments. We describe the influence of pH, organic additives, time, stirring rate and volume of ionic liquid for multi-elemental micro-extraction of Cu, Ag, Cd and Pb from various synthetic and natural aqueous feed solutions. Highest extraction for all metals was achieved at pH 8.0. Minimal leaching of the ionic liquids into the aqueous phase was demonstrated, with values < 30 mg L−1 DOC in all cases. Sample salinities of up to 60 g L−1 NaCl had a positive effect on the extraction of Cd, possibly due to an efficient extraction mechanism of the present chlorido complexes. In metal-spiked natural feed solutions, the selected SBME setups showed unchanged stability under all conditions tested. We could efficiently (≥85%) extract Cu and Ag from drinking water and achieved high efficacies for Ag and Cd from natural sea water and hypersaline water, respectively. The method presented here proves to be a useful tool for an efficient SBME of heavy metals from natural waters without the need to pretreat or modify the sample.

ACS Style

Philip Pirkwieser; José A. López-López; Wolfgang Kandioller; Bernhard K. Keppler; Carlos Moreno; Franz Jirsa. Solvent Bar Micro-Extraction of Heavy Metals from Natural Water Samples Using 3-Hydroxy-2-Naphthoate-Based Ionic Liquids. Molecules 2018, 23, 3011 .

AMA Style

Philip Pirkwieser, José A. López-López, Wolfgang Kandioller, Bernhard K. Keppler, Carlos Moreno, Franz Jirsa. Solvent Bar Micro-Extraction of Heavy Metals from Natural Water Samples Using 3-Hydroxy-2-Naphthoate-Based Ionic Liquids. Molecules. 2018; 23 (11):3011.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Philip Pirkwieser; José A. López-López; Wolfgang Kandioller; Bernhard K. Keppler; Carlos Moreno; Franz Jirsa. 2018. "Solvent Bar Micro-Extraction of Heavy Metals from Natural Water Samples Using 3-Hydroxy-2-Naphthoate-Based Ionic Liquids." Molecules 23, no. 11: 3011.

Original research article
Published: 23 May 2018 in Frontiers in Chemistry
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Ionic liquids (ILs) are per definition salts with melting points below 100°C and might be green alternatives for the extraction of heavy metals from aqueous solutions due to their favorable environmental and physico-chemical properties. Partial solution during extraction, so-called leaching, however, limits their applicability. The present study synthesizes three novel ammonium and phosphonium ILs based on 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid—trihexyltetradecylphosphonium—([P66614]), methyltrioctylphosphonium—([P1888]), and methyltrioctylammonium 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate ([N1888][HNA])—by a deprotonation-metathesis route. The aims were to improve stability during extraction while still achieving high selectivity toward heavy metal ions, as well as to study the impact of different alkyl chains and the central atom of the cation on physico-chemical properties, extraction efficacy, and leaching. Extraction capabilities for the seven heavy metals Ag, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Pb were studied in pure water at pH 8.0. Further experiments were conducted in water containing 30 g L−1 NaCl to simulate a seawater matrix and/or 30 mg L−1 humic acids, as well as metal-spiked natural water samples. All three ILs showed extraction efficacies ≥90% for Cu and Pb after 24 h. Overall, extraction efficacies for Ag, Cd, Cu, and Pb were highest for drinking water samples. Ag and Cd extraction was increased by up to 41% in (hyper-) saline samples using IL [P66614][HNA] compared with pure water samples. Leaching values were reduced down to 0.07% loss of the applied IL, which can be attributed to the hydrophobic character of 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate. Our results represent a positive development toward a greener extraction of heavy metals from natural waters.

ACS Style

Philip Pirkwieser; José Antonio López López; Wolfgang Kandioller; Bernhard Keppler; Carlos Moreno; Franz Jirsa. Novel 3-Hydroxy-2-Naphthoate-Based Task-Specific Ionic Liquids for an Efficient Extraction of Heavy Metals. Frontiers in Chemistry 2018, 6, 172 .

AMA Style

Philip Pirkwieser, José Antonio López López, Wolfgang Kandioller, Bernhard Keppler, Carlos Moreno, Franz Jirsa. Novel 3-Hydroxy-2-Naphthoate-Based Task-Specific Ionic Liquids for an Efficient Extraction of Heavy Metals. Frontiers in Chemistry. 2018; 6 ():172.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Philip Pirkwieser; José Antonio López López; Wolfgang Kandioller; Bernhard Keppler; Carlos Moreno; Franz Jirsa. 2018. "Novel 3-Hydroxy-2-Naphthoate-Based Task-Specific Ionic Liquids for an Efficient Extraction of Heavy Metals." Frontiers in Chemistry 6, no. : 172.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2017 in Journal of Hazardous Materials
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We studied the extraction behavior of two thioglycolate-based ionic liquids (ILs), for heavy metals from aqueous solutions; substances of interest were methyltrioctylammonium S-hexyl thioglycolate [N][CSAc] and methyltrioctylphosphonium S-hexyl thioglycolate [P][CSAc]. Theses ILs previously have shown very good extraction abilities towards cadmium and copper, therefore we investigated time-dependent metal removal experiments with aqueous solutions of cobalt(II), nickel(II) and zinc(II). The highest distribution ratio (R) was determined for zinc (R=2000). Recovery studies for zinc after extraction were performed with different stripping agents showing a successful recycling. Additionally, the two ILs were immobilized on active charcoal, displaying great potential for solid-liquid extraction. Regarding the extraction mechanism, quantum-mechanical calculations were included, which indicate that the metal extraction depends on the stability of the metal-water cluster. Ligands (water as well as ILs) are planar coordinated in nickel complexes but showed a tetrahedral configuration for zinc. As a first estimate of the ecotoxicity of the ILs, in vivo tests toward three freshwater green algae species Tetradesmus obliquus, Desmodesmus armatus and Raphidocelis subcapitata were carried out. The EC values (effective concentration after 72 h) confirm high toxicity of all tested ILs to all species, displaying only small differences between the species and ECies.

ACS Style

Sonja Platzer; Raphlin Leyma; Sara Wolske; Wolfgang Kandioller; Esther Heid; Christian Schröder; Michael Schagerl; Regina Krachler; Franz Jirsa; Bernhard K. Keppler. Thioglycolate-based task-specific ionic liquids: Metal extraction abilities vs acute algal toxicity. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2017, 340, 113 -119.

AMA Style

Sonja Platzer, Raphlin Leyma, Sara Wolske, Wolfgang Kandioller, Esther Heid, Christian Schröder, Michael Schagerl, Regina Krachler, Franz Jirsa, Bernhard K. Keppler. Thioglycolate-based task-specific ionic liquids: Metal extraction abilities vs acute algal toxicity. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2017; 340 ():113-119.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sonja Platzer; Raphlin Leyma; Sara Wolske; Wolfgang Kandioller; Esther Heid; Christian Schröder; Michael Schagerl; Regina Krachler; Franz Jirsa; Bernhard K. Keppler. 2017. "Thioglycolate-based task-specific ionic liquids: Metal extraction abilities vs acute algal toxicity." Journal of Hazardous Materials 340, no. : 113-119.

Journal article
Published: 12 September 2017 in New Journal of Chemistry
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A series of β- O -4 type dilignols and their iron( iii ) complexes were evaluated as model compounds for humic acids. A series of β- O -4 type dilignols and their iron( iii ) complexes, designed as model compounds for humic acids, were prepared and characterized by 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, EPR, IR and UV-Vis spectroscopies and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Properties regarding iron binding, stability, lipophilicity and bioavailability for microorganisms have been evaluated with cyclic voltammetry, stability studies in water and seawater by means of UV-Vis spectrophotometry and the algae growth assays with seawater algal species Chlorella salina and Prymnesium parvum . Both established ligands and their iron complexes undergo deprotonation processes in seawater whereas no changes in UV-Vis spectra were observed in distilled water. The iron( iii ) complex formation constants, p Ka values and lipophilicity of the dilignols were in the same range as for the analogous catechol coordination compound. Synthesized dilignols were prone to redox reactions under biological conditions similar to natural aquatic humic acids. Moreover, an increased iron bioavailability was observed for the presented complexes compared to corresponding catechol complexes and comparable to the bioavailability of iron bound to humic acid complexes recovered from Craggie Burn river. Those results confirm that β- O -4 type dilignol compounds are excellent model ligands for aquatic humic acids.

ACS Style

Ewelina Orlowska; Éva A. Enyedy; Marc Pignitter; Franz Jirsa; Regina Krachler; Wolfgang Kandioller; Bernhard K. Keppler. ?-O-4 type dilignol compounds and their iron complexes for modeling of iron binding to humic acids: synthesis, characterization, electrochemical studies and algal growth experiments. New Journal of Chemistry 2017, 41, 11546 -11555.

AMA Style

Ewelina Orlowska, Éva A. Enyedy, Marc Pignitter, Franz Jirsa, Regina Krachler, Wolfgang Kandioller, Bernhard K. Keppler. ?-O-4 type dilignol compounds and their iron complexes for modeling of iron binding to humic acids: synthesis, characterization, electrochemical studies and algal growth experiments. New Journal of Chemistry. 2017; 41 (20):11546-11555.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ewelina Orlowska; Éva A. Enyedy; Marc Pignitter; Franz Jirsa; Regina Krachler; Wolfgang Kandioller; Bernhard K. Keppler. 2017. "?-O-4 type dilignol compounds and their iron complexes for modeling of iron binding to humic acids: synthesis, characterization, electrochemical studies and algal growth experiments." New Journal of Chemistry 41, no. 20: 11546-11555.

Research article
Published: 07 July 2017 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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Lake Turkana and Lake Naivasha are two freshwater lakes in the Kenyan Rift Valley that differ significantly in water chemistry and anthropogenic influence: Lake Turkana is believed to be rather pristine and unpolluted, but a previous study has shown rather high levels of Li, Zn, and Cd in the migratory fish species Hydrocynus forskahlii, questioning this pristine status. Lake Naivasha is heavily influenced by agricultural activity in its catchment area and by direct water use, and high levels of metal pollutants have been reported in fish. This study presents the distribution of nine important trace elements in liver and muscle of the nonmigratory red belly tilapia Tilapia zillii from Lake Turkana and from Lake Naivasha (before and after a significant rise in water level due to as yet not fully understood reasons). In addition, trace element levels in the common carp Cyprinus carpio from Lake Naivasha are presented. Metal concentrations measured in the liver and muscle of T. zillii collected in Lake Turkana confirm the pristine status of the study site, but contrast with the results obtained for the migratory H. forskahlii. Comparing T. zillii from the two lakes reveals a clear difference in accumulation patterns between essential and nonessential trace elements: physiologically regulated essential elements are present in a very similar range in fish from both lakes, while levels of nonessential metals reflect short- or long-term exposure to those elements. The comparison of trace element concentrations in the fish samples from Lake Naivasha showed lower levels of most trace elements after the significant increase of the water level. This study demonstrates that fish are valuable bioindicators for evaluating trace element pollution even in contrasting lakes as long as the way-of-life habits of the species are taken into account.

ACS Style

Christof Plessl; Elick O. Otachi; Wilfried Körner; Annemarie Avenant-Oldewage; Franz Jirsa. Fish as bioindicators for trace element pollution from two contrasting lakes in the Eastern Rift Valley, Kenya: spatial and temporal aspects. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2017, 24, 19767 -19776.

AMA Style

Christof Plessl, Elick O. Otachi, Wilfried Körner, Annemarie Avenant-Oldewage, Franz Jirsa. Fish as bioindicators for trace element pollution from two contrasting lakes in the Eastern Rift Valley, Kenya: spatial and temporal aspects. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2017; 24 (24):19767-19776.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christof Plessl; Elick O. Otachi; Wilfried Körner; Annemarie Avenant-Oldewage; Franz Jirsa. 2017. "Fish as bioindicators for trace element pollution from two contrasting lakes in the Eastern Rift Valley, Kenya: spatial and temporal aspects." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24, no. 24: 19767-19776.

Journal article
Published: 23 June 2017 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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With the occurrence of recreational and small scale subsistence fishing activities at the Vaal Dam, South Africa, consumption of fish from this dam may result in health risks associated with trace elements and metals. The Vaal Dam is one of the largest dams in South Africa, located between the Gauteng Province and Orange Free State, and supplies water to approximately 11.6 million people. A total of 38 specimens of the benthic cyprinid fish Labeo umbratus were collected from the Vaal Dam during two surveys, in 2011 and 2016. Samples of muscle, liver, kidney, gill and spinal cord were analysed, along with sediment samples collected during the same surveys. Thirteen trace elements were analysed in the samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectrometry, Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence spectroscopy. This is the first survey on trace element and Hg accumulation in this fish species from the Vaal Dam and target hazard quotients (THQ) indicated that there is a risk for consumers of fish for As and Hg (THQ = 1.43 and 1.14 respectively). Although levels of trace elements in this impoundment have shown little change for a number of years and are lower than global background levels, studies detailing the accumulation of metals by fish inhabiting the Vaal Dam have indicated that trace elements in muscle tissue are above food safety guidelines. Trace element levels in L. umbratus are lower compared to other species inhabiting the Vaal Dam and further indicate that risks for consumers can be decreased if humans relying on fish from the Vaal Dam preferentially consume this species over others.

ACS Style

Beric M. Gilbert; Ebrahim Hussain; Franz Jirsa; Annemariè Avenant-Oldewage. Evaluation of Trace Element and Metal Accumulation and Edibility Risk Associated with Consumption of Labeo umbratus from the Vaal Dam, South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2017, 14, 678 .

AMA Style

Beric M. Gilbert, Ebrahim Hussain, Franz Jirsa, Annemariè Avenant-Oldewage. Evaluation of Trace Element and Metal Accumulation and Edibility Risk Associated with Consumption of Labeo umbratus from the Vaal Dam, South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14 (7):678.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Beric M. Gilbert; Ebrahim Hussain; Franz Jirsa; Annemariè Avenant-Oldewage. 2017. "Evaluation of Trace Element and Metal Accumulation and Edibility Risk Associated with Consumption of Labeo umbratus from the Vaal Dam, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 7: 678.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2017 in Science of The Total Environment
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A total of 77 specimens of the mallard Anas platyrhynchos were sampled from the eastern part of Austria before the ban on lead gun shot for hunting water fowl. Samples of muscle and liver were analyzed for their content of Cr, Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd, Hg and Pb using atomic absorption spectrometry. In addition the Hg content of feather samples from this aquatic bird species was evaluated. Results generally show higher concentrations of the metals in the liver compared to muscle; for mercury the concentrations were feathers>liver>muscle. Elevated, in some cases critical concentrations of Cr, Cu, Cd, Hg and Pb were measured. Levels of Ag were recorded for the first time for this species from Europe, providing basic information for future evaluation of this upcoming pollutant in aquatic environments.

ACS Style

Christof Plessl; Peter Jandrisits; Regina Krachler; Bernhard Keppler; Franz Jirsa. Heavy metals in the mallard Anas platyrhynchos from eastern Austria. Science of The Total Environment 2017, 580, 670 -676.

AMA Style

Christof Plessl, Peter Jandrisits, Regina Krachler, Bernhard Keppler, Franz Jirsa. Heavy metals in the mallard Anas platyrhynchos from eastern Austria. Science of The Total Environment. 2017; 580 ():670-676.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christof Plessl; Peter Jandrisits; Regina Krachler; Bernhard Keppler; Franz Jirsa. 2017. "Heavy metals in the mallard Anas platyrhynchos from eastern Austria." Science of The Total Environment 580, no. : 670-676.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2017 in Journal of Hazardous Materials
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Eight novel task-specific ionic liquids (TSILs) based on the thioglycolate anion designed for heavy metal extraction have been prepared and characterized by H and C NMR, UV-Vis, infrared, ESI-MS, conductivity, viscosity, density and thermal properties. Evaluation of their time-resolved extraction abilities towards cadmium(II) and copper(II) in aqueous solutions have been investigated where distribution ratios up to 1200 were observed. For elucidation of the IL extraction mode, crystals were grown where Cd(II) was converted with an excess of S-butyl thioglycolate. It was found by X-ray diffraction analysis that cadmium is coordinated by five oxygen and one sulfur donor atoms provided by two thioglycolate molecules and one water molecule. Leaching behavior of the hydrophobic ionic liquids into aqueous systems was studied by TOC (total dissolved organic carbon) measurements. Additionally, the immobilization on polypropylene was elucidated and revealed slower metal extraction rates and similar leaching behavior. Finally, recovery processes for cadmium and copper after extraction were performed and recyclability was successfully proven for both metals.

ACS Style

Sonja Platzer; Mega Kar; Raphlin Leyma; Sonia Chib; Alexander Roller; Franz Jirsa; Regina Krachler; Douglas MacFarlane; Wolfgang Kandioller; Bernhard Keppler. Task-specific thioglycolate ionic liquids for heavy metal extraction: Synthesis, extraction efficacies and recycling properties. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2017, 324, 241 -249.

AMA Style

Sonja Platzer, Mega Kar, Raphlin Leyma, Sonia Chib, Alexander Roller, Franz Jirsa, Regina Krachler, Douglas MacFarlane, Wolfgang Kandioller, Bernhard Keppler. Task-specific thioglycolate ionic liquids for heavy metal extraction: Synthesis, extraction efficacies and recycling properties. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2017; 324 ():241-249.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sonja Platzer; Mega Kar; Raphlin Leyma; Sonia Chib; Alexander Roller; Franz Jirsa; Regina Krachler; Douglas MacFarlane; Wolfgang Kandioller; Bernhard Keppler. 2017. "Task-specific thioglycolate ionic liquids for heavy metal extraction: Synthesis, extraction efficacies and recycling properties." Journal of Hazardous Materials 324, no. : 241-249.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2016 in Journal of Hazardous Materials
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This study aims to develop novel ammonium and phosphonium ionic liquids (ILs) with thiosalicylate (TS) derivatives as anions and evaluate their extracting efficiencies towards heavy metals in aqueous solutions. Six ILs were synthesized, characterized, and investigated for their extracting efficacies for cadmium, copper, and zinc. Liquid-liquid extractions of Cu, Zn, or Cd with ILs after 1–24h using model solutions (pH 7; 0.1M CaCl2) were assessed using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (F-AAS). Phosphonium-based ILs trihexyltetradecylphosphonium 2-(propylthio)benzoate [P66614][PTB] and 2-(benzylthio)benzoate [P66614][BTB] showed best extraction efficiency for copper and cadmium, respectively and zinc was extracted to a high degree by [P66614][BTB] exclusively

ACS Style

Raphlin Leyma; Sonja Platzer; Franz Jirsa; Wolfgang Kandioller; Regina Krachler; Bernhard Keppler. Novel thiosalicylate-based ionic liquids for heavy metal extractions. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2016, 314, 164 -171.

AMA Style

Raphlin Leyma, Sonja Platzer, Franz Jirsa, Wolfgang Kandioller, Regina Krachler, Bernhard Keppler. Novel thiosalicylate-based ionic liquids for heavy metal extractions. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2016; 314 ():164-171.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Raphlin Leyma; Sonja Platzer; Franz Jirsa; Wolfgang Kandioller; Regina Krachler; Bernhard Keppler. 2016. "Novel thiosalicylate-based ionic liquids for heavy metal extractions." Journal of Hazardous Materials 314, no. : 164-171.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2016 in Science of The Total Environment
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Iron is a micronutrient of particular interest as low levels of iron limit primary production of phytoplankton and carbon fluxes in extended regions of the world's oceans. Sphagnum-peatland runoff is extraordinarily rich in dissolved humic-bound iron. Given that several of the world's largest wetlands are Sphagnum-dominated peatlands, this ecosystem type may serve as one of the major sources of iron to the ocean. Here, we studied five near-coastal creeks in North Scotland using freshwater/seawater mixing experiments of natural creek water and synthetic seawater based on a 59Fe radiotracer technique combined with isotopic characterization of dissolved organic carbon by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry. Three of the creeks meander through healthy Sphagnum-dominated peat bogs and the two others through modified peatlands which have been subject to artificial drainage for centuries. The results revealed that, at the time of sampling (August 16–24, 2014), the creeks that run through modified peatlands delivered 11–15 μg iron per liter creek water to seawater, whereas the creeks that run through intact peatlands delivered 350–470 μg iron per liter creek water to seawater. To find out whether this humic-bound iron is bio-available to marine algae, we performed algal growth tests using the unicellular flagellated marine prymnesiophyte Diacronema lutheri and the unicellular marine green alga Chlorella salina, respectively. In both cases, the riverine humic material provided a highly bio-available source of iron to the marine algae. These results add a new item to the list of ecosystem services of Sphagnum-peatlands.

ACS Style

Regina Krachler; Rudolf F. Krachler; Gabriele Wallner; Peter Steier; Yasin El Abiead; Hubert Wiesinger; Franz Jirsa; Bernhard Keppler. Sphagnum-dominated bog systems are highly effective yet variable sources of bio-available iron to marine waters. Science of The Total Environment 2016, 556, 53 -62.

AMA Style

Regina Krachler, Rudolf F. Krachler, Gabriele Wallner, Peter Steier, Yasin El Abiead, Hubert Wiesinger, Franz Jirsa, Bernhard Keppler. Sphagnum-dominated bog systems are highly effective yet variable sources of bio-available iron to marine waters. Science of The Total Environment. 2016; 556 ():53-62.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Regina Krachler; Rudolf F. Krachler; Gabriele Wallner; Peter Steier; Yasin El Abiead; Hubert Wiesinger; Franz Jirsa; Bernhard Keppler. 2016. "Sphagnum-dominated bog systems are highly effective yet variable sources of bio-available iron to marine waters." Science of The Total Environment 556, no. : 53-62.

Journals
Published: 22 April 2016 in RSC Advances
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Benzoic hydroxamate-based monomeric and dimeric Fe(iii) complexes has been investigated as humic acid models. The stability in pure water and seawater was monitored and the ability to release iron has been examined with the algae feeding trials.

ACS Style

Ewelina Orlowska; Alexander Roller; Hubert Wiesinger; Marc Pignitter; Franz Jirsa; Regina Krachler; Wolfgang Kandioller; Bernhard Keppler. Benzoic hydroxamate-based iron complexes as model compounds for humic substances: synthesis, characterization and algal growth experiments. RSC Advances 2016, 6, 40238 -40249.

AMA Style

Ewelina Orlowska, Alexander Roller, Hubert Wiesinger, Marc Pignitter, Franz Jirsa, Regina Krachler, Wolfgang Kandioller, Bernhard Keppler. Benzoic hydroxamate-based iron complexes as model compounds for humic substances: synthesis, characterization and algal growth experiments. RSC Advances. 2016; 6 (46):40238-40249.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ewelina Orlowska; Alexander Roller; Hubert Wiesinger; Marc Pignitter; Franz Jirsa; Regina Krachler; Wolfgang Kandioller; Bernhard Keppler. 2016. "Benzoic hydroxamate-based iron complexes as model compounds for humic substances: synthesis, characterization and algal growth experiments." RSC Advances 6, no. 46: 40238-40249.