Purpose: To present the application of custom-made 3D-printed subperiosteal implants for fixed prosthetic restoration of the atrophic posterior mandible of elderly patients.Methods: Between January 2017 and June 2018, all partially edentulous patients aged over 65 years, with two or more missing teeth in the posterior atrophic mandible, and who did not want to undergo bone regenerative procedures, were included in this study. These patients were rehabilitated with custom-made subperiosteal implants, designed from cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and fabricated in titanium by means of direct metal laser sintering (DMLS). The outcome measures were fit and stability of the implants at placement, duration of the intervention, implant survival, and early and late complications. All patients were followed for 1 year after surgery.Results: Ten patients (four males, six females; mean age 69.6, SD ± 2.8, median 69, 95% CI 67.9–71.6) were included in the study. The fit of the implants was satisfactory, with a mean rating of 7 out of 10 (SD ± 1.6, median 7, 95% CI 6–8). Only two implants had insufficient fit, because of the presence of scattering in the CBCT; however, they were adapted to the sites during the interventions. The mean duration of the intervention was 44.3 min (SD ± 19.4, median 37, 95% CI 32.3–56.3). At the one-year follow-up, no implants were lost (survival rate 100%). One implant presented immediate postoperative complications with pain, discomfort and swelling, and two patients experienced late complications, having their provisional restorations fractured during the temporisation phase. All these complications were minor in nature, but the final complication rate amounted to 30% (three of ten patients).Conclusions: Although this study has limits (small patient sample and short follow-up), DMLS has proven to be an effective method for fabricating accurate subperiosteal implants, with high survival rates. This may represent an alternative treatment procedure in elderly patients with a severely atrophic posterior mandible, since it allows avoidance of regenerative bone therapies. Further studies are needed to confirm these outcomes.

Background and Objectives: Recent advances in dentistry include microbiological and metabolomic analyses, which have the potential to improve the understanding of oral microbiome–host imbalances during orthodontic treatment. Fixed appliances, functional devices and, more recently, clear aligners have been associated with several oral health conditions, including enamel demineralization, dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis and root and bone resorption. In this context, metabolomic approaches may enable the identification of metabolites in biological samples that could potentially serve as biomarkers and reflect functional biological changes within the oral ecosystem. Investigating orthodontic appliances and associated metabolomic alterations may therefore contribute to advancing current knowledge in orthodontics. This systematic review aimed to describe the available evidence on oral metabolomic changes during orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and the Cochrane Library. A total of 1632 records were identified. After duplicate removal and screening, 18 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. Of these, 15 studies were excluded, and three studies met the inclusion criteria. Risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-I and RoB 2 tools, and the GRADE approach was applied to evaluate the certainty of evidence. The review protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251141544). Results: Three studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall, the available evidence was limited and heterogeneous. The included studies suggested potential differences in oral microbiome composition and metabolomic profiles between patients treated with fixed appliances and those treated with clear aligners. Reported metabolomic findings were exploratory and involved amino acid-related, immune-associated, and acidic metabolic pathways. Limitations: Only three studies were included, all conducted in a single country. The small sample size and methodological heterogeneity limit the generalizability of the findings. In addition, potential confounding variables highlight the need for further standardized longitudinal studies.