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Environmental pollution, such as agricultural carbon emissions (ACE), is one of the main causes of health problems in the relative poverty (RP) regions in China. Therefore, it is of great significance to study ACE in RP regions, not only to accelerate the green upgrading of agriculture, but also to alleviate the high health burden brought by it. However, most studies on ACE were based on the classification of carbon emission sources, and few studies were based on agricultural energy consumption. Moreover, the threshold regression model is rarely used in the limited relevant literatures. This paper used 2001–2017 panel data of 30 provinces to explore the relationship between agricultural carbon emission (ACE) and agricultural energy consumption intensity (AECI) to sudden development in different regions based on the threshold regression model. Some meaningful results were discovered. For example, energy intensity has a significant threshold effect on the growth of ACE, but only a single threshold effect in the RP regions, while a double threshold effect in the high income (HI)regions. Compared with the HI regions, the requirements of environmental protection quality in RP regions are increasing. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate regional carbon emission reduction policies suitable for the characteristics of RP regions. Among them, how to balance the health or health expenditure caused by economic growth and environmental pollution should be put in the first place.
Xiaocang Xu; Hongmei Yang; Haoran Yang. The threshold effect of agricultural energy consumption on agricultural carbon emissions: a comparison between relative poverty regions and other regions. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2021, 1 -11.
AMA StyleXiaocang Xu, Hongmei Yang, Haoran Yang. The threshold effect of agricultural energy consumption on agricultural carbon emissions: a comparison between relative poverty regions and other regions. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021; ():1-11.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiaocang Xu; Hongmei Yang; Haoran Yang. 2021. "The threshold effect of agricultural energy consumption on agricultural carbon emissions: a comparison between relative poverty regions and other regions." Environmental Science and Pollution Research , no. : 1-11.
Agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions account for 14% of the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from human activities, and the carbon footprint (CF) of agricultural production, which can help to propose positive measures to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, is a general method for assessing the impact of agricultural practices on the external environment. This article calculated the carbon footprint (CF) of rice production and compared the differences between the double-and single-cropping rice regions, which is rarely mentioned in previous literature. Some interesting information was shown. For example, the internal structure of rice production carbon footprint (CF) is prominent. (a) In terms of time evolution, CF of agricultural materials showed an increasing trend year by year, while CF of rice planting remained basically stable. (b) In terms of regional differences, whether single-cropping rice regions or double-cropping rice regions, CF of agricultural materials did not show the previous increasing trend after 2011, especially after 2015. This may be greatly affected by the policy such as the abolishing of the China agricultural tax in 2006. These studies can help us to reveal how agricultural policies and different rice cropping patterns affect each region.
Lu Zhang; Xiaocang Xu. Difference in carbon footprint between single- and double-cropping rice production in China, 2003–2016. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2021, 1 -10.
AMA StyleLu Zhang, Xiaocang Xu. Difference in carbon footprint between single- and double-cropping rice production in China, 2003–2016. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021; ():1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLu Zhang; Xiaocang Xu. 2021. "Difference in carbon footprint between single- and double-cropping rice production in China, 2003–2016." Environmental Science and Pollution Research , no. : 1-10.
Background The growing demand for LTC (Long-term care) services for disabled elderly has become a daunting task for countries worldwide, especially China, where population aging is particularly severe. According to CSY (China Statistical Yearbook,2019), the elderly aged 65 or above has reached 167 million in 2018, and the number of disabled elderly is as high as 54%. Germany and other countries have alleviated the crisis by promoting the public LTCI (Long-Term Care Insurance) system since the 1990s, while China’s public LTCI system formal pilot only started in 2016. Therefore, the development of the public LTCI system has gradually become a hot topic for scholars in various countries, including China. Methods This review has been systematically sorted the existing related literature to discuss the development of public LTCI (Long-Term Care Insurance)system form four aspects, namely, the comparison of public LTCI systems in different countries, the influence of public LTCI, challenge of public LTCI, and the relationship between public LTCI and private LTCI. We searched some databases including Web of Science Core Collection, Medline, SCOPUS, EBSCO, EMBASE, ProQuest and PubMed from January 2008 to September 2020. The quality of 38 quantitative and 21 qualitative articles was evaluated using the CASP(Critical Appraisal Skills Programme) critical evaluation checklist. Results The review systematically examines the development of public LTCI system from four aspects, namely, the comparison of public LTCI systems in different countries, the influence of public LTCI, the challenge of public LTCI, and the relationship between public LTCI and private LTCI. For example, LTCI has a positive effect on the health and life quality of the disabled elderly. However, the role of LTCI in alleviating the financial burden on families with the disabled elderly may be limited. Conclusion Some policy implications on the future development of China’s LTCI system can be obtained. For example, the government should fully consider the constraints such as price rise, the elderly disability rate, and the substantial economic burden. It also can strengthen the effective combination of public LTCI and private LTCI. It does not only help to expand the space for its theoretical research but also to learn the experiences in the practice of the LTCI system in various countries around the world. It will significantly help the smooth development and further promote the in-depth reform of the LTCI system in China.
Linhong Chen; Lu Zhang; Xiaocang Xu. Review of evolution of the public long-term care insurance (LTCI) system in different countries: influence and challenge. BMC Health Services Research 2020, 20, 1 -21.
AMA StyleLinhong Chen, Lu Zhang, Xiaocang Xu. Review of evolution of the public long-term care insurance (LTCI) system in different countries: influence and challenge. BMC Health Services Research. 2020; 20 (1):1-21.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLinhong Chen; Lu Zhang; Xiaocang Xu. 2020. "Review of evolution of the public long-term care insurance (LTCI) system in different countries: influence and challenge." BMC Health Services Research 20, no. 1: 1-21.
How to cope with the rapid growth of LTC (long-term care) needs for the old people without activities of daily living (ADL), which is also a serious hazard caused by public health emergencies such as COVID-2019 and SARS (2003), has become an urgent task in China, Germany, Japan, and other aging countries. As a response, the LTCI (long-term care insurance) system has been executed among European countries and piloted in 15 cities of China in 2016. Subsequently, the influence and dilemma of LTCI system have become a hot academic topic in the past 20 years. The review was carried out to reveal the effects of the LTCI system on different economic entities by reviewing relevant literature published from January 2008 to September 2019. The quality of 25 quantitative and 24 qualitative articles was evaluated using the JBI and CASP critical evaluation checklist, respectively. The review systematically examines the effects of the LTCI system on different microeconomic entities such as caretakers or their families and macroeconomic entities such as government spending. The results show that the LTCI system has a great impact on social welfare. For example, LTCI has a positive effect on the health and life quality of the disabled elderly. However, the role of LTCI in alleviating the financial burden on families with the disabled elderly may be limited. Implementation of LTCI system not only in reducing the physical and mental health problems of health care recipients and providers, and the economic burden of their families, but also promote the development of health care service industry and further improvement of the health care system. However, the dilemma and sustainable development of the LTCI system is the government needs to focus on in the future due to the sustainability of its funding sources.
Linhong Chen; Xiaocang Xu. Effect Evaluation of the Long-Term Care Insurance (LTCI) System on the Health Care of the Elderly: A Review. 2020, 13, 863 -875.
AMA StyleLinhong Chen, Xiaocang Xu. Effect Evaluation of the Long-Term Care Insurance (LTCI) System on the Health Care of the Elderly: A Review. . 2020; 13 ():863-875.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLinhong Chen; Xiaocang Xu. 2020. "Effect Evaluation of the Long-Term Care Insurance (LTCI) System on the Health Care of the Elderly: A Review." 13, no. : 863-875.
Purpose: As an important measure to alleviate long-term care (LTC) costs for the disabled due to the aging of the population, long-term care insurance (LTCI) system has been paid more attention in China. In addition to the government-led public LTCI system that has been piloted in cities such as Qingdao, Chongqing and Shanghai, health insurers such as the China Life Insurance Company are also experimenting with various types of commercial LTCI in the private market. However, the commercial LTCI market is developing very slowly due to public awareness and other reasons. On the other hand, COVID-2019 has had an impact on the cognition of the importance of long-term care for the elderly due to the fact that the death cases of COVID-2019 have been mainly concentrated in the elderly population with chronic diseases such as hypertension. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the differences in the purchase intention of commercial LTCI among the elderly in two different periods: before and after the outbreak of COVID-2019. Methods: By using the Andersen behavioral model and two investigations in two different periods before and after the outbreak of COVID-2019, this study explores the impacts of COVID-2019 on the purchase intention of commercial LTCI. Results: Some significant discoveries were found. For example, 25.8% of interviewees showed purchase intention in LTCI in the time before the COVID-2019 outbreak, while this proportion increased to 37.6% after the COVID-2019 outbreak. People who were younger (OR = 2.128, before COVID-2019; OR = 1.875, after COVID-2019) or who had more education (OR = 1.502, before COVID-2019; OR = 2.218, after COVID-2019) were more interested in commercial LTCI. Conclusion: This study shows that COVID-2019 has had an obvious impact on the purchase intention of commercial LTCI, which provides some enlightenment for China to improve the LTCI system in the future, especially to accelerate the development of commercial LTCI. For example, it is essential to promote the importance of long-term care among the elderly in a focused and targeted way. In terms of the key target audience, it can be developed gradually from the groups with higher education levels and the middle elderly aged 45–64 years old.
Xiaocang Xu; Lu Zhang; Linhong Chen; Feng Wei. Does COVID-2019 have an Impact on the Purchase Intention of Commercial Long-Term Care Insurance among the Elderly in China? Healthcare 2020, 8, 126 .
AMA StyleXiaocang Xu, Lu Zhang, Linhong Chen, Feng Wei. Does COVID-2019 have an Impact on the Purchase Intention of Commercial Long-Term Care Insurance among the Elderly in China? Healthcare. 2020; 8 (2):126.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiaocang Xu; Lu Zhang; Linhong Chen; Feng Wei. 2020. "Does COVID-2019 have an Impact on the Purchase Intention of Commercial Long-Term Care Insurance among the Elderly in China?" Healthcare 8, no. 2: 126.
The decision in 2006 to abolish the agricultural tax, which had lasted for thousands of years, contributed to the prosperity of agriculture, and with it the growing importance of soil N2O emissions in China. However, most of the previous literature ignored soil N2O emissions due to their too small share in total agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This paper attempts to take soil N2O emissions as an important variable in the measurement of agricultural green total factor productivity (AGTFP), which incorporates environmental pollution into the analytical framework of agricultural production efficiency. Three impressive results were found. Firstly, soil N2O emissions play an increasingly important role in agricultural GHG emissions. The proportion of soil N2O emissions in agricultural GHG emissions increased from 4.52% in 1998 to 4.83% in 2006, and then to 5.36% in 2016. Secondly, the regional difference of soil N2O emissions in AGTFP is visible. In 2016, although soil N2O emissions accounted for a small proportion (about 5%) of the total agricultural GHG emissions in China, the AGTFP including soil N2O emissions was much lower than that excluding soil N2O emissions, especially in areas with high agricultural and population density. Finally, over time, soil N2O emissions have had an increasing effect on AGTFP. Compared with 1998–2006, the impact of excluding soil N2O emissions on AGTFP in 2007–2016 was more evident than that including soil N2O emissions.
Xiaocang Xu; Lu Zhang; Linhong Chen; Chengjie Liu. The Role of Soil N2O Emissions in Agricultural Green Total Factor Productivity: An Empirical Study from China around 2006 when Agricultural Tax Was Abolished. Agriculture 2020, 10, 150 .
AMA StyleXiaocang Xu, Lu Zhang, Linhong Chen, Chengjie Liu. The Role of Soil N2O Emissions in Agricultural Green Total Factor Productivity: An Empirical Study from China around 2006 when Agricultural Tax Was Abolished. Agriculture. 2020; 10 (5):150.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiaocang Xu; Lu Zhang; Linhong Chen; Chengjie Liu. 2020. "The Role of Soil N2O Emissions in Agricultural Green Total Factor Productivity: An Empirical Study from China around 2006 when Agricultural Tax Was Abolished." Agriculture 10, no. 5: 150.
Background: The rapid aging of populations in some countries has led to a growing number of the disabled elderly, creating a huge need for Long-Term Care (LTC) and meeting its costs, which is a heavy economic burden on the families of the disabled elderly and governments. Therefore, the measurement of Long-Term Care (LTC) costs has become an important basis for the government to formulate Long-Term Care (LTC) policies, and academic research on Long-Term Care (LTC) costs is also in the process of continuous development and deepening. Methods: This is a systematic review that aims to examine the evidence published in the last decade (2010–2019) regarding the comparison of the measurement of Long-Term Care (LTC) costs between China and other countries. Results: Eighteen Chinese studies and 17 other countries’ studies were included in this review. Most Chinese scholars estimated long-term care costs based on the degree of disability among the disabled elderly. However, the studies of European and American countries are more and more in-depth and comprehensive, and more detailed regarding the post-care cost of specific diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and epilepsy. Conclusion: In future academic research, we should fully consider the human value of long-term care providers and further study the differences in the long-term care costs of different chronic diseases. In China’s future policymaking, according to the experience of Germany, Sweden, and other countries, it may be an effective way to develop private long-term care insurance and realize the effective complementarity between private long-term care insurance and public long-term care insurance (LTCI).
Qingjun Zeng; Qingqing Wang; Lu Zhang; Xiaocang Xu. Comparison of the Measurement of Long-Term Care Costs between China and Other Countries: A Systematic Review of the Last Decade. Healthcare 2020, 8, 117 .
AMA StyleQingjun Zeng, Qingqing Wang, Lu Zhang, Xiaocang Xu. Comparison of the Measurement of Long-Term Care Costs between China and Other Countries: A Systematic Review of the Last Decade. Healthcare. 2020; 8 (2):117.
Chicago/Turabian StyleQingjun Zeng; Qingqing Wang; Lu Zhang; Xiaocang Xu. 2020. "Comparison of the Measurement of Long-Term Care Costs between China and Other Countries: A Systematic Review of the Last Decade." Healthcare 8, no. 2: 117.
Purpose: This paper aimed to explore the relationship between the different factors, especially health insurance, and the availability of long-term care (LTC) services, among the disabled elderly. Methods: Based on the data of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), the logistic regression model was utilized to evaluate the influence of the different factors, especially health insurance, on the availability of long-term care services. Results: Our findings show some interesting results. Firstly, the findings suggest that informal long-term care (LTC) services for elderly persons with disabilities heavily depend on a family member from different health insurance groups. About 80.733% of the disabled elderly depend on a family member as their primary caregivers. Secondly, other influence factors such as income and area of residence were also significantly related to the availability of long-term rental services. Thirdly, Health insurance is a very important factor influencing the availability of Long-term care services both in urban and rural areas (p< 0.001) but Income is the most interesting variable. Conclusion: Based on our results, the growth and integration of formal long-term care (LTC) services should be facilitated. Firstly, policymakers can encourage formal long-term care (LTC) services from a variety of sources to work together to increase overall supply capability. Secondly, the long-term living security needs of people who do not have health insurance should be regulated through subsidies according to the economic status.
Linhong Chen; Xiaolu Zhang; Xiaocang Xu. Health Insurance and Long-Term Care Services for the Disabled Elderly in China: Based on CHARLS Data. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy 2020, ume 13, 155 -162.
AMA StyleLinhong Chen, Xiaolu Zhang, Xiaocang Xu. Health Insurance and Long-Term Care Services for the Disabled Elderly in China: Based on CHARLS Data. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy. 2020; ume 13 ():155-162.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLinhong Chen; Xiaolu Zhang; Xiaocang Xu. 2020. "Health Insurance and Long-Term Care Services for the Disabled Elderly in China: Based on CHARLS Data." Risk Management and Healthcare Policy ume 13, no. : 155-162.
The rapid growth of population aging makes providing adequate long-term care (LTC) services for the elderly a serious social dilemma in China. Thus, it is necessary to carry out a theoretical discussion on the LTC service needs of the elderly and find out their influencing factors. With four regions of the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River as the sample case, this study aims to explore the factors that affect LTC service needs of the elderly in the frame of the latest Anderson Model, which added psychosocial factors to predisposing characteristics, enabling factors, and need factors in the old version. Some interesting results have been found, for example, self-image evaluation is composed of several factors such as general physical health, attitude towards life, or psychosocial states. Finally, sub-analyses—namely, by age, by gender, and by educational level—were carried out since the choice of different long-term care service patterns is related to different age/gender/education groups.
Liao Zeng; Xiaocang Xu; Chunxun Zhang; Linhong Chen. Factors Influencing Long-Term Care Service Needs among the Elderly Based on the Latest Anderson Model: A Case Study from the Middle and Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River. Healthcare 2019, 7, 157 .
AMA StyleLiao Zeng, Xiaocang Xu, Chunxun Zhang, Linhong Chen. Factors Influencing Long-Term Care Service Needs among the Elderly Based on the Latest Anderson Model: A Case Study from the Middle and Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River. Healthcare. 2019; 7 (4):157.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiao Zeng; Xiaocang Xu; Chunxun Zhang; Linhong Chen. 2019. "Factors Influencing Long-Term Care Service Needs among the Elderly Based on the Latest Anderson Model: A Case Study from the Middle and Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River." Healthcare 7, no. 4: 157.
Objective: This study assessed the economic burden of senile chronic diseases (SCD) in China. Methods: Based on China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey data, we used propensity score matching to compare the economic burden of SCD for families with and without members with SCD. Results: We examined three aspects of economic burden: health service utilization, including health care utilization and expenditure, family daily consumption spending, and workforce participation of family members in labor markets. SCD-families showed a higher hospitalization rate and number of outpatient visits than the control group. An average of 35%–43% of SCD-families’ expenditure was spent on out-of-pocket inpatient and outpatient care. SCD-families also consumed less per capita. Additionally, the negative influence of SCD on total family income may be partially offset by increasing the labor force participation rate of healthy family members. Conclusions: Relevant results may provide insight into formulating health and labor policies by the Chinese government. The study significance consists of the selection of matching variables and robustness, whereas study limitations include the omission of other important variables.
Xiayan Dong; Linhong Chen; Zhiming Xu; Xiaocang Xu. An assessment of the economic burden of senile chronic diseases in China based on China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research 2019, 20, 305 -312.
AMA StyleXiayan Dong, Linhong Chen, Zhiming Xu, Xiaocang Xu. An assessment of the economic burden of senile chronic diseases in China based on China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research. 2019; 20 (3):305-312.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiayan Dong; Linhong Chen; Zhiming Xu; Xiaocang Xu. 2019. "An assessment of the economic burden of senile chronic diseases in China based on China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey." Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research 20, no. 3: 305-312.
As a result of China’s economic growth, air pollution, including carbon dioxide (CO2) emission, has caused serious health problems and accompanying heavy economic burdens on healthcare. Therefore, the effect of carbon dioxide emission on healthcare expenditure (HCE) has attracted the interest of many researchers, most of which have adopted traditional empirical methods, such as ordinary least squares (OLS) or quantile regression (QR), to analyze the issue. This paper, however, attempts to introduce Bayesian quantile regression (BQR) to discuss the relationship between carbon dioxide emission and HCE, based on the longitudinal data of 30 provinces in China (2005–2016). It was found that carbon dioxide emission is, indeed, an important factor affecting healthcare expenditure in China, although its influence is not as great as the income variable. It was also revealed that the effect of carbon dioxide emission on HCE at a higher quantile was much smaller, which indicates that most people are not paying sufficient attention to the correlation between air pollution and healthcare. This study also proves the applicability of Bayesian quantile regression and its ability to offer more valuable information, as compared to traditional empirical tools, thus expanding and deepening research capabilities on the topic.
Linhong Chen; Yue Zhuo; Xu; Xin Gao; Chen; Zhuo; Gao; Zhiming Xu; Xiaocang Xu. Is Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emission an Important Factor Affecting Healthcare Expenditure? Evidence from China, 2005–2016. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 3995 .
AMA StyleLinhong Chen, Yue Zhuo, Xu, Xin Gao, Chen, Zhuo, Gao, Zhiming Xu, Xiaocang Xu. Is Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emission an Important Factor Affecting Healthcare Expenditure? Evidence from China, 2005–2016. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (20):3995.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLinhong Chen; Yue Zhuo; Xu; Xin Gao; Chen; Zhuo; Gao; Zhiming Xu; Xiaocang Xu. 2019. "Is Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emission an Important Factor Affecting Healthcare Expenditure? Evidence from China, 2005–2016." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 20: 3995.
Environmental costs should be taken into account when measuring the achievements of China’s agricultural development, since the long-term extensive development of agriculture has caused huge environmental pollution. This study took agricultural carbon emissions as an undesired output to estimate the agricultural development efficiency in 31 provinces of China from 1998 to 2016, based on the green total factor productivity, as assessed by the slacks-based measure directional distance function and constructing the global Malmquist–Luenberger index. We measured agricultural carbon emissions in terms of five aspects: agricultural materials, rice planting, soil, livestock and poultry farming, and straw burning, and then compared the green total factor productivity index and the total factor productivity index. The study came to the following conclusions: (1) the green technology efficiency change was smaller than the technology efficiency change at first, but the gap between them is narrowing with time, such that the former is now larger than the latter; (2) the green technology efficiency was in a declining state and the green technology progress was increasing, promoting the green total factor productivity growth, from 1998 to 2016; and (3) China’s agricultural green total factor productivity increased by 4.2% annually in the east, 3.4% annually in the central region, and 2.5% annually in the west.
Xiaocang Xu; Xiuquan Huang; Jun Huang; Xin Gao; Linhong Chen. Spatial-Temporal Characteristics of Agriculture Green Total Factor Productivity in China, 1998–2016: Based on More Sophisticated Calculations of Carbon Emissions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 3932 .
AMA StyleXiaocang Xu, Xiuquan Huang, Jun Huang, Xin Gao, Linhong Chen. Spatial-Temporal Characteristics of Agriculture Green Total Factor Productivity in China, 1998–2016: Based on More Sophisticated Calculations of Carbon Emissions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (20):3932.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiaocang Xu; Xiuquan Huang; Jun Huang; Xin Gao; Linhong Chen. 2019. "Spatial-Temporal Characteristics of Agriculture Green Total Factor Productivity in China, 1998–2016: Based on More Sophisticated Calculations of Carbon Emissions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 20: 3932.
Despite achieving remarkable development, China's agricultural economy has been under severe environmental pressure. Based on previous studies, the present study further considers the sources of agricultural carbon emissions in depth, estimates China's agricultural carbon emissions from 1997 to 2016, and analyzes the agricultural pollution faced by China and its provinces. The study estimates the amount and intensity of agricultural carbon emissions in China from five carbon sources-agricultural materials, rice planting, soil N2O, livestock and poultry farming, and straw burning-and analyzes their spatial and temporal characteristics. The following results were obtained: (1) between 1997 and 2016, the amount of agricultural carbon emissions in China generally increased, while the intensity of agricultural carbon emissions decreased; (2) in the same period, the amount of carbon emissions from each category of carbon source generally increased, with the exception of rice planting; however, the amount of emissions fluctuated; (3) the amount and intensity of carbon emissions varied greatly among provinces; (4) the emissions from different categories of carbon source showed different concentration trends and agglomeration forms; (5) China's agricultural carbon emissions showed obvious spatial correlation, which overall was high-high agglomeration; however, its carbon emissions gradually weakened, and the spatial agglomeration of agricultural carbon emissions in each province changed between 1997 and 2016.
Xiuquan Huang; Xiaocang Xu; Qingqing Wang; Lu Zhang; Xin Gao; Linhong Chen. Assessment of Agricultural Carbon Emissions and Their Spatiotemporal Changes in China, 1997-2016. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 3105 .
AMA StyleXiuquan Huang, Xiaocang Xu, Qingqing Wang, Lu Zhang, Xin Gao, Linhong Chen. Assessment of Agricultural Carbon Emissions and Their Spatiotemporal Changes in China, 1997-2016. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (17):3105.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiuquan Huang; Xiaocang Xu; Qingqing Wang; Lu Zhang; Xin Gao; Linhong Chen. 2019. "Assessment of Agricultural Carbon Emissions and Their Spatiotemporal Changes in China, 1997-2016." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 17: 3105.
Chronic diseases among the elderly and their huge economic burden on family have caught much attention from economists and sociologists over the past decade in China. This study measured the economic burden of elderly chronic disease (ECD) in families using the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) data set from Peking University (China). We studied some aspects of this burden, including health-service utilization, out-of-pocket expenditure on inpatient and outpatient, total family expenditures on items, and labor force participation rates of family members, etc. Some interesting things were found, for example, the additional annual expenditure on inpatient care (per member) in ECD-families was 37 to 45 percent of the annual expenditure in the control group; the labor-force participation rate in ECD-families was 2.4 to 3.3 percent of points lower than in the control group.
Xiaocang Xu; Xiuquan Huang; Xiaolu Zhang; Linhong Chen. Family Economic Burden of Elderly Chronic Diseases: Evidence from China. Healthcare 2019, 7, 99 .
AMA StyleXiaocang Xu, Xiuquan Huang, Xiaolu Zhang, Linhong Chen. Family Economic Burden of Elderly Chronic Diseases: Evidence from China. Healthcare. 2019; 7 (3):99.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiaocang Xu; Xiuquan Huang; Xiaolu Zhang; Linhong Chen. 2019. "Family Economic Burden of Elderly Chronic Diseases: Evidence from China." Healthcare 7, no. 3: 99.
Ecological compensation standards and the allocation of compensation funds have always been the core issues of watershed ecological compensation. Due to the construction of the Eastern Route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project (SNWTP), Jiangsu Province has paid a huge cost for the protection of water resources, and local economic development has been greatly affected. Therefore, this paper takes Jiangsu Province, the water source area of the Eastern Route of the SNWTP as an example, and combines a geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing technology, using the ecosystem services value method to calculate the ecosystem services value of Jiangsu Province from 2005 to 2018. Then the change of this ecosystem services value in Jiangsu Province from 2015 to 2018 is taken as the basis for watershed ecological compensation standards of the Eastern Route. Through a compensation fund allocation model, watershed ecological compensation funds are allocated to four cities, Yangzhou, Huai’an, Suqian and Xuzhou, which are located along the Eastern Route of this SNWTP in Jiangsu Province. The results show that: (1) The ecosystem services value of Jiangsu Province has changed greatly. Urbanization and market environment of grain crops are the main reasons for this change; (2) the relationship between ecosystem services in Jiangsu Province is mainly synergistic; (3) Suqian receives US$24.73 million; Huai’an receives US$16.49 million; Yangzhou receives US$54.88 million and Xuzhou receives US$0.95 million in watershed ecological compensation, respectively. Watershed ecological compensation standards based upon the value of ecosystem services, and the allocation of compensation funds at the municipal level, are conducive to the improvement in efficiency of watershed ecological compensation in mainland China.
Xin Gao; Juqin Shen; Weijun He; Fuhua Sun; Zhaofang Zhang; Xin Zhang; Chengcai Zhang; Yang Kong; Min An; Liang Yuan; Xiaocang Xu. Changes in Ecosystem Services Value and Establishment of Watershed Ecological Compensation Standards. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 2951 .
AMA StyleXin Gao, Juqin Shen, Weijun He, Fuhua Sun, Zhaofang Zhang, Xin Zhang, Chengcai Zhang, Yang Kong, Min An, Liang Yuan, Xiaocang Xu. Changes in Ecosystem Services Value and Establishment of Watershed Ecological Compensation Standards. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (16):2951.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXin Gao; Juqin Shen; Weijun He; Fuhua Sun; Zhaofang Zhang; Xin Zhang; Chengcai Zhang; Yang Kong; Min An; Liang Yuan; Xiaocang Xu. 2019. "Changes in Ecosystem Services Value and Establishment of Watershed Ecological Compensation Standards." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16: 2951.
Industrial development has brought about not only rapid economic growth, but also serious environmental pollution in China, which has led to serious health problems and heavy economic burdens on healthcare. Therefore, the relationship between the industrial air pollution and health care expenditure (HCE) has attracted the attention of researchers, most of which used the traditional empirical methods, such as ordinary least squares (OLS), logistic and so on. By collecting the panel data of 30 provinces of China during 2005-2016, this paper attempts to use the Bayesian quantile regression (BQR) to reveal the impact of industrial air pollution represented by industrial waste gas emission (IWGE) on HCE in high-, middle-, low-income regions. It was found that double heterogeneity in the influence of IWGE on HCE was obvious, which revealed that people in high-, middle-, low-income regions have significantly different understandings of environmental pollution and health problems. In addition, the BQR method provided more information than the traditional empirical methods, which verified that the BQR method, as a new empirical method for previous studies, was applicable in this topic and expanded the discussion space of this research field.
Xiaocang Xu; Zhiming Xu; Linhong Chen; Chang Li. How Does Industrial Waste Gas Emission Affect Health Care Expenditure in Different Regions of China: An Application of Bayesian Quantile Regression. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 2748 .
AMA StyleXiaocang Xu, Zhiming Xu, Linhong Chen, Chang Li. How Does Industrial Waste Gas Emission Affect Health Care Expenditure in Different Regions of China: An Application of Bayesian Quantile Regression. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (15):2748.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiaocang Xu; Zhiming Xu; Linhong Chen; Chang Li. 2019. "How Does Industrial Waste Gas Emission Affect Health Care Expenditure in Different Regions of China: An Application of Bayesian Quantile Regression." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 15: 2748.
The aging population in China highlights the significance of elderly long-term care (LTC) services. The number of people aged 65 and above increased from 96 million in 2003 to 150 million in 2016, some of whom were disabled due to chronic diseases or the natural effects of aging on bodily functions. Therefore, the measurement of future LTC costs is of crucial value. Following the basic framework but using different empirical methods from those presented in previous literature, this paper attempts to use the Bayesian quantile regression (BQR) method, which has many advantages over traditional linear regression. Another innovation consists of setting and measuring the high, middle, and low levels of LTC cost prediction for each disability state among the elderly in 2020–2050. Our projections suggest that by 2020, LTC costs will increase to median values of 39.46, 8.98, and 20.25 billion dollars for mild, moderate, and severe disabilities, respectively; these numbers will reach 141.7, 32.28, and 72.78 billion dollars by 2050. The median level of daily life care for mild, moderate, and severe disabilities will increase to 26.23, 6.36, and 27 billion dollars. Our results showed that future LTC cost increases will be enormous, and therefore, the establishment of a reasonable individual-social-government payment mechanism is necessary for the LTC system. The future design of an LTCI system must take into account a variety of factors, including the future elderly population, different care conditions, the financial burden of the government, etc., in order to maintain the sustainable development of the LTC system.
Xiaocang Xu; Linhong Chen. Projection of Long-Term Care Costs in China, 2020–2050: Based on the Bayesian Quantile Regression Method. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3530 .
AMA StyleXiaocang Xu, Linhong Chen. Projection of Long-Term Care Costs in China, 2020–2050: Based on the Bayesian Quantile Regression Method. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (13):3530.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiaocang Xu; Linhong Chen. 2019. "Projection of Long-Term Care Costs in China, 2020–2050: Based on the Bayesian Quantile Regression Method." Sustainability 11, no. 13: 3530.
Background: More and more disabled elderly need long-term care as China becomes an aging society. In 2016, there were 220 million people over the age of 60 and nearly 10 million completely disabled elderly people who cannot complete Activities of Daily Living (ADLs). Therefore, the topic of influencing factors for disability among the elderly in China has attracted close attention from researchers, most of which use the traditional empirical methods, such as Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and logistic. Objective: The purpose of this paper was to introduce the Bayesian Quantile Regression (BQR) method to the topic of the disabled elderly, which was achieved by using BQR to study the influencing factors of disability among the elderly in China during 2003-2016. Methods: This paper was the first attempt to use the BQR for the influencing factors of disability among the elderly in China. Furthermore, a comparison was made between the regression results of BQR, OLS, Quantile Regression (QR) and Bayesian Linear Regression(BLR). Results: We found that there was a relatively stable relationship between chronic diseases and disability although a little difference in different quantiles. In addition, the BQR can obtain results similar to the traditional method. For instance, the coefficient of chronic diseases (to total disability) obtained by OLS, QR and BLR were basically consistent (around 0.778), which was similar to BQR. The BQR not only provided estimates for all the quantiles, but also provided upper and lower values of a certain confidence interval. Conclusions: By applying the BQR to the influencing factors of disability among the elderly in China, we reached the conclusion that BQR methods are adaptable for this research topic because of their characteristics and advantages over the traditional methods, such as less strict constraints, the estimates for all quantiles, and the combination of historical information with prior information. Moreover, the BQR method obtained appropriately the lower and upper values in a confidence interval, which can provide prediction space for the future.
Xiaocang Xu; Linhong Chen. Influencing factors of disability among the elderly in China, 2003–2016: application of Bayesian quantile regression. Journal of Medical Economics 2019, 22, 605 -611.
AMA StyleXiaocang Xu, Linhong Chen. Influencing factors of disability among the elderly in China, 2003–2016: application of Bayesian quantile regression. Journal of Medical Economics. 2019; 22 (6):605-611.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiaocang Xu; Linhong Chen. 2019. "Influencing factors of disability among the elderly in China, 2003–2016: application of Bayesian quantile regression." Journal of Medical Economics 22, no. 6: 605-611.