Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms like fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and aquatic plants, which has become a crucial source of protein and income. However, bacterial infections pose a significant challenge to the aquaculture industry and traditional treatments, such as antibiotics and chemicals, have limitations and environmental concerns. Disease prevention and control measures, such as the use of probiotics, vaccines, and biosecurity measures, are essential for the sustainable development of the aquaculture industry. Further research is also needed to develop more effective and sustainable strategies for the prevention and control of bacterial fish pathogens in aquaculture, where alternative treatments such as herbal extracts, essential oils, and probiotics require further investigation for efficacy and safety. Microalgae, particularly Chlorella, have potential applications in various industries such as biofuels, pharmaceuticals, and wastewater treatment. However, their large-scale production and commercialization face challenges. Safety of Chlorella to fish is a crucial issue that requires careful evaluation, with hematology being an essential tool to assess its effects on fish health and physiology. Studies show that Chlorella is safe for fish and does not have adverse effects on growth, survival, or immune system function. Chlorella is a safe and sustainable option for aquaculture, free from harmful chemicals and antibiotics. The Green Water System utilizes Chlorella as a natural filter and nutrient recycler, improving water quality and providing a well-balanced diet for aquatic animals. This eco-friendly approach also enhances fish immune systems, growth rates, and survival rates. The scientometric review shows significant research activity, with Chang JS being a prominent author and People’s R China and the Chinese Academy of Sciences leading in contributions. The use of Chlorella shows promise as an alternative treatment for bacterial fish pathogens in aquaculture due to its antibacterial properties, safety, and sustainability. However, challenges such as cost-effectiveness and standardization need to be addressed for successful implementation in the aquaculture industry.

Biosecurity plans are crucial for preventing economic and environmental impacts caused by disease outbreaks in aquaculture. These plans focus on prevention, early detection, and effective control measures. With the global threat of emerging infectious diseases and the need for sustainable production practices, the importance of biosecurity continues to grow. Scientometric analysis is a valuable tool for assessing the impact and influence of scientific research within a particular field or discipline. Scientometric analysis of aquaculture biosecurity publications reveals significant activity in the field, with the highest number of publications recorded in 2021. Cottier-Cook EJ emerged as the most prolific author, while USA and the Centre for Environment Fisheries Aquaculture Science were identified as leading contributors. Physical biosecurity measures prevent the entry of pathogens and wild fish into aquaculture systems. Biological biosecurity measures enhance immunity and reduce disease risks. Operational biosecurity measures, such as feed management and hygiene protocols, maintain animal health. Innovative technologies such as sensors and artificial intelligence improve biosecurity efficiency. Effective management of disease outbreaks requires coordination, risk assessment, and established response plans. Aquaculture biosecurity offers benefits such as disease prevention, environmental protection, and food safety, but may have disadvantages including costs and negative environmental impacts. The industry should focus on implementing effective and sustainable biosecurity measures, improving disease prevention, reducing environmental impact, and ensuring product safety and quality.

The objective of this study was to explore the effects of black seed (Nigella sativa) and AQUA-IMMUNOPROTECT® on growth, feed utilization, serum constituents, and disease resistance against vibriosis in gilthead sea bream juveniles. The research involved three groups: T_C (control) received a basal diet, T_SI (received a basal diet with 2% AQUA-IMMUNOPROTECT®), and T_NS (received a basal diet with 2% N. sativa). The experiment period extended for 2 months. Results revealed a significant rise in erythrogram (RBCs, HB, and PCV %), leucogram (total differential leucocytic count), serum total protein, and globulin in gilthead sea bream treated with 2% Nigella sativa supplemented diets after an 8-week trial. No substantial variations were found in liver enzymes, urea, uric acid, and creatinine between the groups. Respiratory burst activity was notably greater in the N. sativa group after 2 months of feeding compared to the other groups. In the experimental challenge, the control group experienced higher mortality rates than the other groups following an IP injection of V. harveyi at a dose of 10⁶ CFU per 0.5 ml/fish (10⁶ fish/challenge). Overall, the findings of this research indicate that N. sativa can enhance non-specific immunity and minimize susceptibility and pathogenicity to V. harveyi in gilthead sea bream.

Aquaculture has become a crucial solution for addressing food scarcity worldwide, including Egypt. However, the intensification of aquaculture practices has led to water quality degradation and the emergence of new fish diseases, such as vibriosis. This study aimed to investigate the molecular typing, prevalence, pathogenicity, and environmental risk factors associated with Vibrio campbellii (V. campbellii) in cultured seabream. A total of 160 gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata (40 fish/season), along with 48 water samples (n = 12/season) were collected randomly and seasonally from private fish farms in the Suez Canal area over the course of a year for laboratory examinations. Clinical and postmortem inspections revealed characteristic signs and lesions similar to those observed in well-known vibrios infections. Bacteriological tests revealed the presence of V. campbellii strains in various internal organs. The isolated bacteria were identified morphologically, biochemically, and molecularly by targeting the 16S rRNA conserved gene. Histopathological examination was performed, providing insights into pathogen-induced tissue damage and septicemic disease progression. The prevalence of V. campbellii showed variable patterns across seasons, with higher proportions of cases in the summer. To examine the diagnostic performance of several water quality measures, the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed. The results showed various levels of predictive performance for the outcome variable V. campbellii, with ammonia serving as a significant predictor for the variable of interest. The challenge results indicated a 100% survival rate in the controls, whereas the challenged group exhibited a mortality number of 6.00 ± 0.58, resulting in a survival rate of 70.00 ± 2.89%. The current study emphasizes how crucial it is to take into account seasonal parameters to comprehend the prevalence and seriousness of vibriosis in mariculture. The findings add to a better understanding of the impact of water quality on fish disease emergence and can benefit the creation of appropriate management measures to ensure aquaculture populations’ health and well-being.

The in-pond raceway system (IPRS), is an intensive aquaculture technology that has gained attention in recent years. This study evaluated the comparative effects of In-Pond Raceway Systems (IPRS) and traditional aquaculture systems on oxidative status, stress indices, and biomarkers of liver and kidney function, as well as proteinogram in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) over 2, 4, and 6 months. The results revealed that serum total antioxidative capacity (TAC) level were significantly lower in the IPRS group compared to the traditional system at all time points (p < 0.01 at 2 months, p < 0.001 at 4 and 6 months), indicating oxidative stress in the IPRS. Stress markers such as cortisol and glucose levels were significantly elevated in the IPRS group at 4 and 6 months (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively), while triglycerides and cholesterol levels were consistently higher in the IPRS group across all time points (p < 0.001 for triglycerides, p < 0.001 at 2 months and p < 0.01 at 4 and 6 months for cholesterol). Liver function biomarkers, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), showed no significant differences between the two systems, except for a transient increase in ALT at 4 months in the IPRS group (p < 0.05). These findings underscore the need for optimized IPRS management strategies, particularly adjusted stocking densities, to mitigate physiological stress and ensure sustainable aquaculture. The traditional system demonstrated lower stress impacts, promoting better health and metabolic stability, offering valuable insights for balanced aquaculture practices.