Ginsenoside Rg1, a saponin that is a primary component of ginseng, has been demonstrated to protect hearts from diverse cardiovascular diseases with regulating multiple cellular signal pathways. In the present study, we investigated the protective role of ginsenoside Rg1 on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and its effects on endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy. After pre-treatment with ginsenoside Rg1 (50 mg/kg i.g.) for 7 days, male C57BL/6J mice were intraperitoneally injected with a single dose of doxorubicin (6 mg/kg) every 3 days for four injections. Echocardiographic and pathological findings showed that ginsenoside Rg1 could significantly reduce the cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin. Ginsenoside Rg1 significantly inhibited doxorubicin-induced formation of autophagosome. At the same time, ginsenoside Rg1 decreased the doxorubicin-induced cardiac microtubule-associated protein-light chain 3 and autophagy related 5 expression. Ginsenoside Rg1 can reduce endoplasmic reticulum dilation caused by doxorubicin. Compared with the doxorubicin group, the expression of cleaved activating transcription factor 6 and inositol-requiring enzyme 1 decreased in group ginsenoside Rg1. Treatment with ginsenoside Rg1 reduces the expression of TIF1 and increases the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78. In the ginsenoside Rg1 group, the expression of p-P70S6K, c-Jun N-terminal kinases 1 and Beclin1 declined. These results indicate that ginsenoside Rg1 may improve doxorubicin-induced cardiac dysfunction by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy.

A green efficient deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based system was developed for total alkaloid extraction from Eupatorium lindleyanum DC. and evaluated for postharvest grape preservation. Among 18 DESs, choline chloride–citric acid (2:1, molar ratio) showed the highest extraction efficiency. Box–Behnken design and response surface methodology optimized the process to 52 min, 42 °C, and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 39:1 mL∙g⁻¹, yielding 277.96 mg∙g⁻¹ total alkaloids. SEM showed pronounced structural disruption of E. lindleyanum tissues after UAE-DES treatment. The DES extract exhibited DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of 72.74% and 77.35%, respectively, significantly higher than those of the water extract. In postharvest grapes, the DES extract reduced MDA accumulation and maintained higher VC levels. In Botrytis cinerea-inoculated grapes, it reduced visible gray mold-associated deterioration and alleviated oxidative damage. This study extends UAE-DES research from extraction optimization to evaluation in a real postharvest fruit system and supports the potential of E. lindleyanum extracts with high total alkaloid content for natural antioxidant-based preservation.