Cooking fumes are an important source of indoor and outdoor air pollution. Containing potentially carcinogenic particles and toxic chemical components, they pose significant health threats, making precise detection essential for risk prevention and the formulation of emission standards. This study used the manual gravimetric analysis as the benchmark reference method to systematically evaluate the performance of three alternative measurement techniques: (1) an optical particle counter (Promo 3000, Palas GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany), (2) a photometer (DustTrak 8533, TSI, Shoreview, MN, USA), and (3) infrared spectrophotometry. A data correction model was constructed by simulating typical cooking conditions. Results indicate that the manual gravimetric analysis yielded the highest particulate concentrations. Infrared spectrophotometry measured only 75.6% of the benchmark value, mainly because of its selectivity toward oil-derived organic components and possible sampling losses. The optical particle counter, influenced by particle light-scattering properties and density differences, underestimated the mass concentration of particles larger than 0.3 μm, capturing only 46.9% of the benchmark value. Conversely, the photometer exhibited the smallest deviation, with readings closest to the gravimetric reference under the tested cooking fumes conditions. Theoretical derivation and data fitting determined correction factors of 1.32 for infrared spectrophotometry, 2.13 for the optical particle counter for particles larger than 0.3 μm, and 0.97 for the photometer. This correction system enables the standardization of data across different detection methods, allowing on-site monitoring data to be calibrated against the gravimetric reference method.

In neutrino and dark matter research, ²²²Rn and its progeny are among some of the main sources of radioactive backgrounds in underground laboratories. In areas with high ²³²Th backgrounds, the interference from ²²⁰Rn and its progeny must also be considered. This study presents a highly sensitive system for measuring ultra-low concentrations of ²²²Rn and ²²⁰Rn, utilizing the electrostatic collection method with a Si-PIN semiconductor detector. To achieve the required sensitivity, a cryogenic enrichment stage using activated carbon in an electrically cooled device (replacing conventional liquid-nitrogen cooling) is incorporated. The calibration factor for ²²²Rn is (67.93 ± 2.76) cph/(Bq·m⁻³), while for ²²⁰Rn, it is (46.08 ± 0.59) cph/(Bq·m⁻³). The detection limits of the complete system are 5.63 mBq·m⁻³ for ²²²Rn and 3.56 mBq·m⁻³ for ²²⁰Rn. The system was successfully applied to measure ²²²Rn contamination in commercial high-purity nitrogen cylinders, revealing that internal rusting of the cylinder walls is a dominant factor enhancing radon emanation. This electrically cooled, liquid-nitrogen-free design offers a practical and convenient solution for ultra-low-background radon measurements in underground physics experiments and industrial gas quality-control applications.