Through the last decade, multi-agent systems have come to the attention of researchers in various fields. Henceforth, these systems have been investigated in various control applications. Microgrids and power systems are intriguing issues to address in agent-based systems. This research proposes a secondary control scheme based on a leader–follower consensus protocol for an islanded microgrid. The scheme aims to regulate the output voltage of distributed generators and to synchronize their frequency in a distributed manner. The control system has been embedded with the physical power system through an event-triggered communication network that determines control protocol for distributed generators. An integral sliding mode method is designed for voltage control to reach a consensus in output voltage among the distributed generators. Furthermore, a pinning-based consensus tracking problem is solved for frequency synchronization. Zeno behavior of the event-triggered mechanism has been excluded. By inducing Lyapunov-based stability analysis, this article suggests a reliable secondary control in the transient operation of isolating a microgrid. The system’s characteristics are further investigated, and results are compared with existing strategies. The proposed method maintains an acceptable voltage regulation and an accurate frequency restoration.

Increasing enclosure closure can compromise heat removal in compact robotic joints. This study assesses the thermal limitations of an existing low-cost Delta-robot joint with an additively manufactured ABS enclosure. Under an equivalent constant thermal load of $4.744$ W the predicted steady-state driver temperatures were $79.11°$C with forced ventilation, $145.11°$C with open natural convection, and $172.42°$C with closed natural convection. The driver remained the dominant numerical hotspot, reaching $108.0°$C after 300 s in the closed transient simulation. These predictions exclude thermal radiation and protection-related shutdown; the closed steady-state result, therefore, represents a numerical limiting condition rather than an attainable operating temperature. Preliminary measurements and thermography identified the electronics region as thermally critical and documented shutdown following ventilation removal, but did not provide quantitative CFD validation. The findings establish a baseline for redesigning the joint’s heat-removal paths as environmental protection is increased; IP54 remains a future design target rather than a demonstrated rating.